If you’re considering moving to Canada to work or study, the number of regions in the country might be overwhelming. How do you even begin choosing between the 10 provinces and three territories? Is there much of a difference from one to another? And what should you know about the weather, economies and cities in each?
Canada is a country with significant geographic diversity. Before choosing a province or territory to move to, it’s important to look at all your options. To simplify that process for you, we’ve created an overview to help you understand what each offers.
While Canada has federal immigration programs, it also has provincial and territorial immigration streams that you might qualify for. Each jurisdiction can also set its own rules around how it recognizes certain foreign credentials. Be sure to click on the link we’ve provided to resources to help you better understand how each province or territory approaches these key things.
British Columbia
Canada’s most western province, British Columbia is known for its beautiful forests and mountains. Two of the province’s largest cities, Vancouver and Victoria, are located near the Pacific Ocean and have mild but wet climates. Expect rainy rather than snowy winters if you settle in this part of B.C.
Elsewhere in British Columbia, the weather is more typical to Canada with cold and snowy winters. The province is home to world-class universities and a growing tech economy.
When you arrive, you might think some B.C. cities resemble California. That’s because the province often stands in for California in TV shows and movies.
Population size: 5,286,528 as of 2022
Newcomers arriving: 34,385 in 2021
Average household income: $67,500 in 2020
Average home price: $947,216 in June 2022
Top universities: University of British Columbia, Simon Fraser University, University of Victoria
Top colleges: Camosun College, Douglas College, Langara College, Okanagan College
Main industries: Agriculture, construction, film, fisheries and aquacultures, forestry, high technology, manufacturing, mining, tourism
Largest Cities: Vancouver, Victoria, Kelowna, Nanaimo
Alberta is often referred to as Canada’s version of Texas because its biggest industries are oil and gas. The province is a mix of farmland, mountains and cities with extremely cold winters. Alberta is known for having some of the earliest and latest snowfalls of the season.
Alberta is also famous for its cowboy culture, with the Calgary Stampede being one of the province’s central cultural events. It’s also home to a UFO landing pad. If you pass through St. Paul, Alberta, be sure to check out the UFO Tourist and Information Centre.
Population size: 4,500,917 as of 2022
Newcomers arriving: 23,987 in 2021
Average household income: $77,700 in 2020
Average home price: $449,290 in June 2022
Top universities: University of Alberta, University of Calgary
Top colleges: Bow Valley College, NAIT, Red Deer Polytechnic
Main industries: Oil, gas and mining, manufacturing, agriculture, finance, insurance and real estate, tourism, transportation and utilities, business and commercial services, education
Largest Cities: Edmonton, Calgary, Grande Prairie, Lethbridge, Red Deer
Saskatchewan is known as a farming province. But those not cultivating the country’s grain are active in the province’s other popular industries: mining, manufacturing and oil and gas.
Saskatchewan’s flatness offers beautiful prairie vistas. It also has typical Canada winters and hot and humid summers.
Ever visited the Dead Sea? Saskatchewan has a similar body of water — Little Lake Manitou — with such a high mineral content that you can’t sink.
Population size: 1,186,308 as of 2022
Newcomers arriving: 7,321 in 2021
Average household income: $67,700 in 2020
Average home price: $333,400 in June 2022
Top universities: University of Saskatchewan, University of Regina
Top colleges: Saskatchewan Polytechnic, Cumberland College, Southeast College
Main industries: Agriculture, energy, forestry, life sciences, manufacturing, mining, minerals, oil and gas
Manitoba is a prairie province located in the center of Canada with several growing industries. The province is known for its advanced manufacturing and heavy-duty manufacturing. Those with experience in skilled trades are welcome.
Manitoba has a mix of flat agricultural land and forests, a landscape that is apparently a fertile breeding ground for snakes. The province’s Narcisse Snake Dens, which are just north of Winnipeg, have the highest concentration of snakes in the world. More than 75,000 emerge from hibernation each spring.
Population size: 1,393,179 as of 2022
Newcomers arriving: 10,194 in 2021
Average household income: $63,000 in 2020
Average home price: $376,267 in June 2022
Top universities: University of Manitoba, University of Winnipeg
Top colleges: Assiniboine Community College, Manitoba Institute of Trades and Technology
Main industries: Agriculture, advanced manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, heavy-duty vehicles and equipment, mining, the creative industries
Ontario is Canada’s province with the highest population and the home of Canada’s capital city, Ottawa, and biggest city, Toronto. Toronto is home to many corporate headquarters and is also the most diverse city in Canada: Just under half of Torontonians are newcomers and more than 52% are visible newcomers.
Newcomers to Canada have the ability to connect with other communities of people from around the world in cities across the province. Ontario is also the home to some of Canada’s best universities, including the University of Toronto and the University of Waterloo.
Ontario also has Canada’s only professional basketball team. The Toronto Raptors won the NBA championship in 2019.
Population size: 15,007,816 as of 2022
Newcomers arriving: 107,865 in 2021
Average household income: $70,100 in 2020
Average home price: $881,475 in June 2022
Top universities: University of Toronto, Queens University, University of Waterloo, Western University, McMaster University
Top colleges: Humber College, Canadore College, Conestoga College
Main industries: Agriculture, mining, automotive, technology, aerospace, life sciences, financial, retail
Largest cities: Toronto, Ottawa, London, Burlington, Waterloo, Hamilton, Guelph, Oakville
If you’re a French speaker, you’ll love Quebec, which is Canada’s francophone province. The French language is protected and more than three quarters of the population are French speakers. All signs must be in French and most school-age children attend French speaking schools.
The provincial government prioritizes French-speaking newcomers.
Quebec is also the world’s largest producer of maple syrup. Over 70% of global syrup production happens in the province, which was once the site of a maple syrup heist that saw more than $18 million in syrup go missing! Luckily, the thieves were later caught.
Population size: 8,653,184 as of 2022
Newcomers arriving: 33,385 in 2021
Average household income: $59,700 in 2020
Average home price: $506,024 in June 2022
Top universities: University of Montreal, McGill University, Bishop’s University, Concordia University, Laval University
Top colleges: Dawson College, LaSalle College, Vanier College
Main industries: Technology, video games, electronics, food, life sciences, manufacturing, hydroelectricity, tourism, agriculture, forestry
Largest cities: Montreal, Quebec, Sherbrooke, Trois-Rivieres
Nova Scotia is one of Canada’s Atlantic provinces, so fisheries are traditionally a big industry. However, shipbuilding and manufacturing are, too.
Because the province had a lot of Scottish immigrants, it has rich Gaelic and Celtic cultures. Nova Scotia’s universities are well known for certain programs outside Canada.
Like to watch the tides come in? The Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia has the world’s highest tides. Every day, 160 billion tonnes of seawater move in and out of the bay.
Population size: 1,007,049 as of 2022
Newcomers arriving: 3,536 in 2021
Average household income: $57,500 in 2020
Average home price: $417,300 in June 2022
Top universities: Dalhousie University, Saint Mary’s University, Acadia University
Top colleges: Nova Scotia Community College, College of Continuing Education
Main industries: Construction, manufacturing, real estate, fishing, agriculture, transportation, finance, film, natural resources
The beauty of New Brunswick is largely because of its amazing views of the Atlantic Ocean and rich forests. It’s also a heavily bilingual province with a large population of francophones. Expect cold winters with heavy storms here. You’ll need a good pair of boots!
The province depends on its forestry, mining, fishing and tourism industries — as well as french fries. The small town of Florenceville-Bristol is often called the French Fry Capital of the World. About a third of the world’s frozen french fries are made there, and they even have a museum dedicated to the beloved spud, the aptly named Potato World.
Population size: 800,243 as of 2022
Newcomers arriving: 2,689 in 2021
Average household income: $56,900 in 2020
Average home price: $299,000 in June 2022
Top universities: University of New Brunswick, St. Thomas University, Mount Allison University
Top colleges: New Brunswick Community College, McKenzie College, Oulton College
Main industries: Forestry, mining, fishing, tourism, agriculture, manufacturing, services
Largest cities: Moncton, Saint John, Fredericton, Dieppe
Newfoundland and Labrador is one of the smaller provinces in terms of population but still offers lots of opportunities and jobs in sectors like mining and manufacturing. The province is known for its regional culture, great seafood and friendly residents.
It’s also known for having been where the first transatlantic flight took off in 1919. John Alcock and Arthur Brown flew 16 hours from St. John’s, Newfoundland, to Ireland.
Population size: 522,875 (as of 2022)
Newcomers arriving: 885 in 2021
Average household income: $59,300 in 2020
Average home price: $281,300 in June 2022
Top universities: Memorial University
Top colleges: College of the North Atlantic, Western College, Eastern College
Main industries: Mining, manufacturing, fishing, forestry, hydroelectricity
Largest cities: St. John’s, Corner Brook, Grand Falls-Windsor
Famous for its lobster rolls and the Anne of Green Gables book series, P.E.I. is Canada’s smallest province. One of the longest bridges in the world attaches the island to the mainland. One downside to living here is a lack of access to certain specialized forms of health care. Residents are flown to the mainland for certain procedures.
Prince Edward Island is known for its tourism and fisheries industries. Despite what its name suggests, it isn’t one island. The province actually includes 232 islands. With all those islands, P.E.I. is also home to a large number of lighthouses. There are 63 lighthouses still standing, but only 35 are currently active.
Population size: 167,680 as of 2022
Newcomers arriving: 1,211 in 2021
Average household income: $59,400 in 2020
Average home price: $367,200 in June 2022
Top universities: University of Prince Edward Island
Top colleges: Holland College, Maritime Christian College
Main industries: Agriculture, fisheries, tourism, aerospace, bioscience, information technology, renewable energy
Largest Cities: Charlottetown, Summerside, Stratford, Cornwall
Well known from tales of the gold rush that took place in the Yukon, this territory’s biggest industry is still mining. However, tourism is also a big industry in Whitehorse and other areas. Visitors come from all over the world to see the Northern Lights and go dogsledding.
The Yukon has a significant Indigenous population and a rich cultural history. Like with all Canadian territories, it has a high cost of living. Most necessities have to be flown in during the winter, making for a hefty grocery bill. It also makes it hard to build new housing, which pushes up the price of homes.
Most people don’t know that the Yukon is home to the highest mountains in Canada. Mount Logan is the second highest mountain in North America.
Population size: 43,249 as of 2022
Newcomers arriving: 300 in 2021
Average household income: $49,200 in 2021
Average home price: $565,626 in June 2022
Top universities: Yukon University
Top colleges: Yukon College
Main industries: Mining, tourism, manufacturing, telecommunication, service
The Northwestern Territories is beautiful, but expensive. It’s a sparsely populated territory without access to high-speed internet in all locations. However, it has a rich tourism and mining industry and can have good opportunities for newcomers due to a lack of skilled workers and professionals.
Just like the Yukon, the Northwestern Territories have a large Indigenous population. It has similar problems with high cost of living due to the difficulties of getting necessities to towns in the winter and constructing new homes.
In addition to its reputation for cold weather, the territory is also known as the Diamond Capital of North America. A number of diamond mines are located across the Northwest Territories.
Population size: 45,607 as of 2022
Newcomers arriving: 144 in 2021
Average household income: $51,200 in 2021
Average home price: $515,211 in June 2022
Top universities: N/A
Top colleges: Aurora College
Main industries: Energy, fisheries, construction, mining, oil and gas, tourism, fur, manufacturing
Largest cities: Yellowknife, Fort Smith, Hay River, Inuvik
The northernmost territory, Nunavut has beautiful Arctic wildlife and scenery and is populated primarily by the Inuit people. The territory faces significant resource and development issues, as well as an extremely high cost of living due to the difficulties of getting necessary food and building materials into the territory.
While opportunities here are limited and access to things like post-secondary education and specialized medical care limited without travelling out-of-territory, there’s a need for certain professions in Nunavut.
Ever dream of going to Mars? Turns out Nunavut’s climate is so similar to what Mars’ climate is believed to be that the Haughton-Mars Project trains astronauts there for future Mars missions.
Population size: 40,103 as of 2022
Newcomers arriving: 21 in 2021
Average household income: $73,500 in 2021
Average home price: No data available
Top universities: N/A
Top colleges: Nunavut Arctic College
Main industries: Mining, fishing, hunting trapping, construction, arts
Largest cities: Iqaluit, Baker Lake, Cambridge Bay
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VANCOUVER – Contract negotiations resume today in Vancouver in a labour dispute that has paralyzed container cargo shipping at British Columbia’s ports since Monday.
The BC Maritime Employers Association and International Longshore and Warehouse Union Local 514 are scheduled to meet for the next three days in mediated talks to try to break a deadlock in negotiations.
The union, which represents more than 700 longshore supervisors at ports, including Vancouver, Prince Rupert and Nanaimo, has been without a contract since March last year.
The latest talks come after employers locked out workers in response to what it said was “strike activity” by union members.
The start of the lockout was then followed by several days of no engagement between the two parties, prompting federal Labour Minister Steven MacKinnon to speak with leaders on both sides, asking them to restart talks.
MacKinnon had said that the talks were “progressing at an insufficient pace, indicating a concerning absence of urgency from the parties involved” — a sentiment echoed by several business groups across Canada.
In a joint letter, more than 100 organizations, including the Canadian Chamber of Commerce, Business Council of Canada and associations representing industries from automotive and fertilizer to retail and mining, urged the government to do whatever it takes to end the work stoppage.
“While we acknowledge efforts to continue with mediation, parties have not been able to come to a negotiated agreement,” the letter says. “So, the federal government must take decisive action, using every tool at its disposal to resolve this dispute and limit the damage caused by this disruption.
“We simply cannot afford to once again put Canadian businesses at risk, which in turn puts Canadian livelihoods at risk.”
In the meantime, the union says it has filed a complaint to the Canada Industrial Relations Board against the employers, alleging the association threatened to pull existing conditions out of the last contract in direct contact with its members.
“The BCMEA is trying to undermine the union by attempting to turn members against its democratically elected leadership and bargaining committee — despite the fact that the BCMEA knows full well we received a 96 per cent mandate to take job action if needed,” union president Frank Morena said in a statement.
The employers have responded by calling the complaint “another meritless claim,” adding the final offer to the union that includes a 19.2 per cent wage increase over a four-year term remains on the table.
“The final offer has been on the table for over a week and represents a fair and balanced proposal for employees, and if accepted would end this dispute,” the employers’ statement says. “The offer does not require any concessions from the union.”
The union says the offer does not address the key issue of staffing requirement at the terminals as the port introduces more automation to cargo loading and unloading, which could potentially require fewer workers to operate than older systems.
The Port of Vancouver is the largest in Canada and has seen a number of labour disruptions, including two instances involving the rail and grain storage sectors earlier this year.
A 13-day strike by another group of workers at the port last year resulted in the disruption of a significant amount of shipping and trade.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Nov. 9, 2024.
The Royal Canadian Legion says a new partnership with e-commerce giant Amazon is helping boost its veterans’ fund, and will hopefully expand its donor base in the digital world.
Since the Oct. 25 launch of its Amazon.ca storefront, the legion says it has received nearly 10,000 orders for poppies.
Online shoppers can order lapel poppies on Amazon in exchange for donations or buy items such as “We Remember” lawn signs, Remembrance Day pins and other accessories, with all proceeds going to the legion’s Poppy Trust Fund for Canadian veterans and their families.
Nujma Bond, the legion’s national spokesperson, said the organization sees this move as keeping up with modern purchasing habits.
“As the world around us evolves we have been looking at different ways to distribute poppies and to make it easier for people to access them,” she said in an interview.
“This is definitely a way to reach a wider number of Canadians of all ages. And certainly younger Canadians are much more active on the web, on social media in general, so we’re also engaging in that way.”
Al Plume, a member of a legion branch in Trenton, Ont., said the online store can also help with outreach to veterans who are far from home.
“For veterans that are overseas and are away, (or) can’t get to a store they can order them online, it’s Amazon.” Plume said.
Plume spent 35 years in the military with the Royal Engineers, and retired eight years ago. He said making sure veterans are looked after is his passion.
“I’ve seen the struggles that our veterans have had with Veterans Affairs … and that’s why I got involved, with making sure that the people get to them and help the veterans with their paperwork.”
But the message about the Amazon storefront didn’t appear to reach all of the legion’s locations, with volunteers at Branch 179 on Vancouver’s Commercial Drive saying they hadn’t heard about the online push.
Holly Paddon, the branch’s poppy campaign co-ordinator and bartender, said the Amazon partnership never came up in meetings with other legion volunteers and officials.
“I work at the legion, I work with the Vancouver poppy office and I go to the meetings for the Vancouver poppy campaign — which includes all the legions in Vancouver — and not once has this been mentioned,” she said.
Paddon said the initiative is a great idea, but she would like to have known more about it.
The legion also sells a larger collection of items at poppystore.ca.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Nov. 9, 2024.
