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A Killer Reveal: Innovative Methods Help Researchers Determine Whale Sex

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Preliminary findings from Ocean Wise point to a breakthrough in methods to research British Columbia’s killer whales 

Vancouver, August 20, 2024 – New research from Ocean Wise points to a breakthrough in how environmental DNA can be used to unlock secrets of British Columbia’s iconic killer whale populations. In fieldwork conducted last winter, Ocean Wise researchers were able to use DNA acquired from seawater to determine the sex of wild whales – a first in this field.

In winter 2022, Ocean Wise launched a field study to address data gaps identified by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada regarding the winter habitat use of at-risk whale populations in the Salish Sea. Ocean Wise is addressing these knowledge gaps through the collection of location data, prey samples, and seawater samples processed using novel environmental DNA (eDNA) methods. By collecting seawater that whales have recently passed through, DNA shed from the body (skin cells, fecal matter, etc.) can be isolated and analyzed to better, and less invasively, detect species, individual identity, sex, and important prey species.

Following a successful pilot season with 50 whale encounters and 64 eDNA samples collected, Ocean Wise continued the study in the 2023/2024 winter season to uncover more about the whales’ winter secrets aboard the Ocean Wise research vessel Skana.

Thanks to support from Prince of Whales Whale Watching and North Island Kayak, in the 2023/2024 winter season, Ocean Wise focused their efforts on using eDNA tools validated in the first year to find a solution for something which is often difficult to determine in whale research – the sex of whales. Traditionally, the sex of whales is identified by observing them with a calf, noticing physical changes such as dorsal fin height at sexual maturity (for killer whales), taking photos of their underside, or performing skin biopsies for DNA analysis. These methods can be time-consuming (can take up to 10 years to get an answer), expensive, and leave gaps in understanding population demographics.

Ocean Wise collected and compared the sex determined from southern resident killer whale eDNA samples against known sexes to see if eDNA could be a non-invasive alternative to biopsies. So far, 80% of eDNA samples match the known sex of individuals. While further analysis is ongoing, this marks the first time eDNA from seawater has been used to determine the sex of wild whales.

If we can validate that whales can be sexed reliably using this method, this opens up a whole new way of getting information on sex ratios of wild whale populations, which is really important for understanding population growth and future viability. If this works for killer whales then it will most certainly be applicable for other at-risk species too,” says Dr. Chloe Robinson, Director of the Ocean Wise Whales Initiative.

Killer whales, found year-round in the coastal waters of British Columbia (Canada) and Washington State (USA), are protected under Canada’s Species at Risk Act (SARA). The recently released BC Coastal Marine Strategy highlights the need to assess these at-risk whale populations to develop effective management measures. Ocean Wise’s eDNA research supports this strategy by rapidly generating data needed to trigger interventions (i.e., fisheries closures and protected areas) meant to improve the survival of individual whales.

“We are thrilled to support Ocean Wise’s research efforts; their findings have demonstrated the immense value of conducting winter field research in the Salish Sea and year-round monitoring of killer whale activity in our local waters,” says Elspeth McGillivray, General Manager, Prince of Whales Whale & Marine Wildlife Adventures.

These findings weren’t the only highlights from Ocean Wise’s annual winter field study. For a study overview and to learn more about our findings, check out an accompanying blog post detailing the research.

About Ocean Wise

Ocean Wise is a global conservation organization on a mission to build communities that take meaningful action to protect and restore our ocean. Through research, education, innovation, and collaboration, we are turning the tide on three major ocean challenges: plastic pollution, overfishing and climate change. By creating communities of concern that include industries, governments, and everyday citizens, we create a future where our ocean and the people who depend on it can thrive. Ocean Wise is headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia. With staff in Canada, the United States, and Chile, our work reaches over two dozen countries around the globe.

About the Ocean Wise Whale Health and Monitoring Program

The Ocean Wise Whale Health and Monitoring Program focuses on applying cutting-edge science to monitor at-risk whale populations and developing innovative conservation tools to protect whales from starvation. This includes conducting applied research throughout the BC coast as well as at the Ocean Wise Environmental DNA Laboratory in West Vancouver. Ocean Wise researchers use conservation-orientated tools including drones, bioacoustics, environmental DNA, and artificial intelligence to collect and analyze data on the health of at-risk whale populations and inspire conservation action where the whales need it most.

Media Contact:

Rosemary Newton

Communications Manager

pr@ocean.org

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B.C. Conservatives promise to end stumpage fees, review fire management if elected

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VANDERHOOF, B.C. – British Columbia Conservatives are promising changes they say will bring more stability to the province’s struggling forest industry.

Leader John Rustad announced his plan for the sector a week before the official launch of the provincial election campaign, saying a Conservative government would do away with stumpage fees paid when timber is harvested and instead put a tax on the final products that are produced.

Rustad said Saturday that under a provincial Conservative government, a small fee may be charged upfront, but the bulk would come at the end of the process, depending on what type of product is created.

He also promised to review how wildfires are managed, as well as streamline the permit process and review what he calls the province’s “uncompetitive cost structure.”

“British Columbia is by far the highest cost producers of any jurisdiction in North America. We need to be able to drive down those costs, so that our forest sector can actually be able to do the reinvestment, to be able to create the jobs and make sure that they’re still there to be able to support our communities,” he said.

The governing New Democrats meanwhile, say eliminating stumpage fees would inflame the softwood lumber dispute with the United States and hurt forestry workers.

In a statement issued by the NDP, Andrew Mercier, the party’s candidate in Langley-Willowbrook, said Rustad failed to support the industry when he was in government under the former BC Liberals.

“Not only will Rustad’s old thinking and recycled ideas fail to deliver, his proposal to eliminate stumpage would inflame the softwood lumber dispute — punishing forestry workers and communities,” Mercier said, accusing Rustad of ignoring the complexity of the challenges facing the industry.

The softwood lumber dispute between the U.S. and Canada stretches back decades. In August, the U.S. Department of Commerce nearly doubled duties on softwood lumber.

International Trade Minister Mary Ng has said Canada has taken steps to launch two legal challenges under the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement.

Rustad said a provincial Conservative government would push hard to get a deal with the United States over the ongoing dispute “whether it’s with the rest of Canada or by itself.”

He said his party’s proposed changes are in the name of bringing “stability” and “hope” to the industry that has seen multiple closures of mills in rural communities over the last several years.

Most recently, Canfor Corp. decided to shutter two northern British Columbia sawmills earlier this month, leaving hundreds of workers unemployed by the end of the year.

According to the United Steelworkers union, Canfor has closed 10 mills in the province since November 2011, including nine in northern B.C.

Jeff Bromley, chair of the United Steelworkers wood council, said Saturday the idea of changes in favour of taxing the final product has been floated in the past.

He said the finer details of the Conservative plan will be important, but that the system needs to be improved and “new ideas are certainly something I’d be willing to entertain.”

“Something needs to happen, or the industry is just going to bleed and wither away and be a shadow of its former self,” Bromley said.

“Politics aside, if (Rustad) can come up with a policy that enables my members to work, then I would be supportive of that. But then I’m supportive of any government that would come up with policies and fibre for our mills to run. Period.”

When Canfor announced its latest closures, Forests Minister Bruce Ralston said the sector was a “foundational part” of the province and the current NDP government would work to support both local jobs and wood manufacturing operations.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 14, 2024

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.



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Christian McCaffrey is placed on injured reserve for the 49ers and will miss at least 4 more games

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SANTA CLARA, Calif. (AP) — The San Francisco 49ers placed All-Pro running back Christian McCaffrey on injured reserve because of his lingering calf and Achilles tendon injuries.

The move made Saturday means McCaffrey will miss at least four more games after already sitting out the season opener. He is eligible to return for a Thursday night game in Seattle on Oct. 10.

McCaffrey got hurt early in training camp and missed four weeks of practice before returning to the field on a limited basis last week. He was a late scratch for the opener on Monday night against the Jets and now is sidelined again after experiencing pain following practice on Thursday.

McCaffrey led the NFL last season with 2,023 yards from scrimmage and was tied for the league lead with 21 touchdowns, winning AP Offensive Player of the Year.

The Niners made up for McCaffrey’s absence thanks to a strong performance from backup Jordan Mason, who had 28 carries for 147 yards and a touchdown in San Francisco’s 32-19 victory over the New York Jets. Mason is set to start again Sunday at Minnesota.

After missing 23 games because of injuries in his final two full seasons with Carolina, McCaffrey had been healthy the past two seasons.

He missed only one game combined in 2022-23 — a meaningless Week 18 game last season for San Francisco when he had a sore calf. His 798 combined touches from scrimmage in the regular season and playoffs were the third most for any player in a two-year span in the past 10 years.

Now San Francisco will likely rely heavily on Mason, a former undrafted free agent out of Georgia Tech who had 83 carries his first two seasons. He had at least 10 touches just twice before the season opener, when his 28 carries were the most by a 49ers player in a regular-season game since Frank Gore had 31 against Seattle on Oct. 30, 2011.

The Niners also have fourth-round rookie Isaac Guerendo and Patrick Taylor Jr. on the active roster. Guerendo played three offensive snaps with no touches in the opener. Taylor had 65 carries for Green Bay from 2021-23.

San Francisco also elevated safety Tracy Walker III from the practice squad for Sunday’s game against Minnesota.

___

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Canada’s Newman, Arop secure third-place finishes at Diamond League track event

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BRUSSELS – Canada walked away with some hardware at the Diamond League track and field competition Saturday.

Alysha Newman finished third in women’s pole vault, while Marco Arop did the same in the men’s 800-metre race.

Newman won a bronze medal in her event at the recent Paris Olympics. Arop grabbed silver at the same distance in France last month.

Australia’s Nina Kennedy, who captured gold at the Summer Games, again finished atop the podium. Sandi Morris of the United States was second.

Newman set a national record when she secured Canada’s first-ever pole vault medal with a bronze at the Olympics with a height of 4.85 metres. The 30-year-old from London, Ont., cleared 4.80 metres in her second attempt Saturday, but was unable conquer 4.88 metres on three attempts.

Arop, a 25-year-old from Edmonton, finished the men’s 800 metres with a time of one minute 43.25 seconds. Olympic gold medallist Emmanuel Wanyonyi of Kenya was first with a time of 1:42.70.

Djamel Sedjati, edged out by Arop for silver in Paris last month, was second 1:42.87

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 14, 2024.

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