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An advisor's short guide to greenwashing – Investment Executive

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To complicate matters further, people have different ideas of what “greenwashing” even means. Case in point: Dictionary.com defines greenwashing as “a superficial or insincere display of concern for the environment that is shown by an organization.” On the other hand, Oxford defines greenwashing as “disinformation disseminated by an organization so as to present an environmentally responsible public image” (emphasis added). These definitions of greenwashing are materially different because disinformation — which is defined as false information that is spread to intentionally deceive an audience — is specified in one but not the other.

So, terminology is a huge issue. When different people are using the same words to mean different things, confusion and skepticism are likely to arise. We are seeing some of that play out in the market today.

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It is worthwhile to note that the spreading of disinformation is a rare occurrence in Canada’s investment industry. Although there is no ESG-specific regulation in Canada, the industry is heavily regulated, and fund companies that engage in misleading sales or marketing practices risk facing penalties, regardless of whether a fund is marketed as ESG.

While there may be a small number of bad actors in the market, I would argue there are three much bigger factors contributing to rising concerns about greenwashing in the investment industry: complexity, subjectivity and fragmentation. Together, these factors combine to generate confusion and skepticism.

1. Complexity

RI is broadly defined by leading industry bodies – such as the Principles for Responsible Investment, Global Sustainable Investment Alliance and CFA Institute – as the incorporation of ESG factors into investment decisions. The terms “responsible” and “sustainable” are often used interchangeably, and the wording varies slightly from one definition to the next, but consideration of ESG factors is the key component.

RI is dynamic and complex because there are many different ways for asset managers to incorporate ESG factors into their investment processes. There is a tendency to incorrectly assume RI or ESG means screening or exclusions, but that is not necessarily the case. It’s important to understand that screening is just one approach to RI among many. The most prominent approaches are ESG integration, shareholder engagement, thematic investing, impact investing, negative or exclusionary screening, and positive or best-in-class screening. (See definitions here). Moreover, investment managers have different mandates and methods for implementing these approaches.

To be clear, responsible investing is not rocket science — a keen investment professional can learn the basic concepts in a few days. But, as shown in the data below, the leap is much bigger for non-investment professionals.

The Canadian Securities Administrators’ 2020 Investor Index survey of 5,000 Canadians found that 48% of respondents had “low knowledge” of investing, and only 20% demonstrated “high knowledge,” meaning they could understand basic concepts such as diversification and compound interest. So, general investment knowledge is low, which means knowledge of responsible investment is even lower. In fact, the RIA’s 2020 Investor Opinion Survey found that only 4% of 1,000 investor respondents reported that they knew “a lot” about RI.

With such low literacy, the dynamism and complexity of responsible investment can lead to confusion for many observers.

2. Subjectivity

Although industry bodies have defined responsible investment and the various approaches described above, words like “responsible” and “sustainable” can be subjective and open to interpretation. Many people have their own ideas about what these words mean, and that is particularly evident in dialogues around fossil fuels. For some, an RI fund should exclude oil and gas companies. For others, an RI fund should engage with oil and gas companies to promote environmental stewardship, since selling an oil stock does not change the demand for oil.

These two examples — exclusion and engagement — are both legitimate responsible investment strategies. Deciding between the two simply comes down to what the investor wants to achieve. (See my previous column for more on this topic).

It gets even more difficult with terms like “ethical investing” and “moral money,” since ethics and morals are inherently subjective. This subjectivity leads to confusion when people use the same words to mean different things

3. Fragmentation

In addition to complexity and subjectivity, there is also fragmentation, particularly with respect to ESG disclosures. There is currently no standardized disclosure framework for responsible investment funds to make ESG-related claims. The result is that it’s hard for advisors and investors to compare RI funds in a simple format.

The market needs standardization, and that means it also needs convergence. The industry needs to converge around common frameworks and common definitions. On this front, the CFA Institute is in the process of developing an ESG disclosure standard for investment products, which is scheduled to be released in November of this year. The Institute’s framework will play a vital role in promoting convergence in the industry.

However, the CFA Institute will stop short of creating a label or providing assurance that a fund has met certain criteria or performance thresholds. That is why the RIA is currently exploring a fund certification model that would leverage the CFA’s disclosure framework as an input, while also creating a label to show that a fund has met minimum ESG criteria. Together, the CFA’s global ESG disclosure framework and a Canadian RI fund certification could significantly reduce the fragmentation, complexity and subjectivity described above, which would go a long way to reducing confusion and promoting confidence in the market. I should note that this certification is not a forgone conclusion, and its fruition depends on support from a critical mass of industry participants. The RIA’s discovery process will continue well into 2022 and we will keep our members apprised of developments.

In the meantime, here are some useful tips for advisors who are navigating the ESG space. This is certainly not an exhaustive list, but it’s a good start.

  1. Development – The first and most important step is to acquire knowledge of ESG issues and the RI market. Advisors who are interested in taking a course can do so via the RIA Digital Academy, which has enrolled over 2,000 investment professionals to date.
  2. Strategy and process – Gain an understanding of a fund company’s strategy and process for incorporating ESG factors into investments. Determine how the fund manager performs ESG analysis and which of the RI approaches (listed above) they use.
  3. Voting – Check to see how a fund company votes at annual meetings. Do they vote in favour of leading ESG practices? Is their messaging consistent with their votes? Voting records are often published online.
  4. Engagement – Does the fund company engage directly with issuers to encourage leading ESG practices?
  5. CollaborationStudies have shown that investor collaboration can enhance engagement outcomes. Does the fund company collaborate with peers and industry bodies to amplify engagements and identify best practices?
  6. Advocacy – Not all institutions engage in policy advocacy or lobbying. But if they do, are they advocating for policies that are conducive to good governance and a sustainable and inclusive future?
  7. “Impact” should be measured – If a fund is marketed as an impact investment, the impacts should be measured. Look into how the impacts are measured and reported.
  8. Resources – All of this work requires resourcing. Check to see if the fund company has an ESG team to make it all happen.

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AI investments will help chip sector to recover: Analyst – Yahoo Finance

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The semiconductor sector is undergoing a correction as interest rate cut expectations dwindle, prompting concerns about the impact on these high-growth, technology-driven stocks. Wedbush Enterprise Hardware Analyst Matt Bryson joins Yahoo Finance to discuss the dynamics shaping the chip industry.

Bryson acknowledges that the rise of generative AI has been a significant driving force behind the recent success of chip stocks. While he believes that AI is shifting “the way technology works,” he notes it will take time. Due to this, Bryson highlights that “significant investment” will continue to occur in the chip market, fueled by the growth of generative AI applications.

However, Bryson cautions that as interest rates remain elevated, it could “weigh on consumer spending.” Nevertheless, he expresses confidence that the AI revolution “changing the landscape for tech” will likely insulate the sector from the effect of high interest rates, as investors are unwilling to miss out on the “next technology” breakthrough.

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For more expert insight and the latest market action, click here to watch this full episode of Yahoo Finance.

This post was written by Angel Smith

Video Transcript

BRAD SMITH: As rate cut bets shift, so have moves in one sector, in particular. Shares of AMD and Intel, both down over 15% in the last 30 days. The Philadelphia Semiconductor Index, also known as Sox, dropping over 10% from recent highs, despite a higher rate environment.

Our next guest is still bullish on the sector. Matt Bryson, Wedbush Enterprise Hardware analyst, joins us now. Matt, thanks so much for taking the time here. Walk us through your thesis here, especially, given some of the pullback that we’ve seen recently.

MATT BRYSON: So I think what we’ve seen over the last year or so is that the growth of generative AI has fueled the chip stocks. And the expectation that AI is going to shift everything in the way that technology works.

And I think that at the end of the day, that that thesis will prove out. I think the question is really timing. But the investments that we’ve seen that have lifted NVIDIA, that have lifted AMD, that have lifted the chip stock and sector, in general, the large cloud service providers, building out data centers. I don’t think anything has changed there in the near term.

So when I speak to OEMs, who are making AI servers, when I speak to cloud service providers, there is still significant investment going on in that space. That investment is slated to continue certainly into 2025. And I think, as long as there is this substantial investment, that we will see chip names report strong numbers and guide for strong growth.

SEANA SMITH: Matt, when it comes to the fact that we are in this macroeconomic environment right now, likelihood that rates will be higher for longer here, at least, when you take a look at the expectations, especially following some of the commentary that we got from Fed officials this week, what does that signal more broadly for the AI trade, meaning, is there a reason to be a bit more cautious in this higher for longer rate environment, at least, in the near term?

MATT BRYSON: Yeah. I think certainly from a market perspective, high interest rates weight on the market. Eventually, they weigh on consumer spending. Certainly, for a lot of the chip names, they’re high multiple stocks.

When you think about where there can be more of a reaction or a negative reaction to high interest rates, certainly, it has some impact on those names. But in terms of, again, AI changing the fundamental landscape for tech, I don’t think that high interest rates or low interest rates will change that.

So when you think about Microsoft, Amazon, all of those large data center operators looking at AI, potentially, changing the landscape forever and wanting to make a bet on AI to make sure that they don’t miss that change, I don’t think whether interest rates are low or high are going to really affect their investment.

I think they’re going to go ahead and invest because no one wants to be the guy that missed the next technology wave.

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If pension funds can't see the case for investing in Canada, why should you? – The Globe and Mail

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It’s time to ask a rude question: Is Canada still worth investing in?

Before you rush to deliver an appropriately patriotic response, think about the issue for a moment.

A good place to begin is with the federal government’s announcement this week that it is forming a task force under former Bank of Canada governor Stephen Poloz. The task force’s job will be to find ways to encourage Canadian pension funds to invest more of their assets in Canada.

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Wooing pension funds has become a high-priority matter for Ottawa because, at the moment, these big institutional investors don’t invest all that much in Canada. The Canada Pension Plan Investment Board, for instance, had a mere 14 per cent of its massive $570-billion portfolio in Canadian assets at the end of its last fiscal year.

Other major Canadian pension plans have similar allocations, especially if you look beyond their holdings of government bonds and consider only their investments in stocks, infrastructure and real assets. When it comes to such risky assets, these big, sophisticated players often see more potential for good returns outside of Canada than at home.

This leads to a simple question: If the CPPIB and other sophisticated investors aren’t overwhelmed by Canada’s investment appeal, why should you and I be?

It’s not as if Canadian stocks have a record of outstanding success. Over the past decade, they have lagged far behind the juicy returns of the U.S.-based S&P 500.

To be fair, other countries have also fallen short of Wall Street’s glorious run. Still, Canadian stocks have only a middling record over the past 10 years even when measured against other non-U.S. peers. They have trailed French and Japanese stocks and achieved much the same results as their Australian counterparts. There is no obvious Canadian edge.

There are also no obvious reasons to think this middle-of-the-pack record will suddenly improve.

A generation of mismanagement by both major Canadian political parties has spawned a housing crisis and kneecapped productivity growth. It has driven household debt burdens to scary levels.

Policy makers appear unwilling to take bold action on many long-standing problems. Interprovincial trade barriers remain scandalously high, supply-managed agriculture continues to coddle inefficient small producers, and tax policy still pushes people to invest in homes rather than in productive enterprises.

From an investor’s perspective, the situation is not that appetizing. A handful of big banks, a cluster of energy producers and a pair of railways dominate Canada’s stock market. They are solid businesses, yes, but they are also mature industries, with less than thrilling growth prospects.

What is largely missing from the Canadian stock scene are big companies with the potential to expand and innovate around the globe. Shopify Inc. SHOP-T and Brookfield Corp. BN-T qualify. After that, the pickings get scarce, especially in areas such as health care, technology and retailing.

So why hold Canadian stocks at all? Four rationales come to mind:

  • Canadian stocks have lower political risk than U.S. stocks, especially in the run-up to this year’s U.S. presidential election. They also are far away from the front lines of any potential European or Asian conflict.
  • They are cheaper than U.S. stocks on many metrics, including price-to-earnings ratios, price-to-book ratios and dividend yields. Scored in terms of these standard market metrics, they are valued more or less in line with European and Japanese stocks, according to Citigroup calculations.
  • Canadian dividends carry some tax advantages and holding reliable Canadian dividend payers means you don’t have to worry about exchange-rate fluctuations.
  • Despite what you may think, Canada’s fiscal situation actually looks relatively benign. Many countries have seen an explosion of debt since the pandemic hit, but our projected deficits are nowhere near as worrisome as those in the United States, China, Italy or Britain, according to International Monetary Fund figures.

How compelling you find these rationales will depend upon your personal circumstances. Based strictly on the numbers, Canadian stocks look like ho-hum investments – they’re reasonable enough places to put your money, but they fail to stand out compared with what is available globally.

Canadians, though, have always displayed a striking fondness for homebrew. Canadian stocks make up only a smidgen of the global market – about 3 per cent, to be precise – but Canadians typically pour more than half of their total stock market investments into Canadian stocks, according to the International Monetary Fund. This home market bias is hard to justify on any rational basis.

What is more reasonable? Vanguard Canada crunched the historical data in a report last year and concluded that Canadian investors could achieve the best balance between risk and reward by devoting only about 30 per cent of their equity holdings to Canadian stocks.

This seems to be more or less in line with what many Canadian pension funds currently do. They have about half their portfolio in equities, so devoting 30 per cent of that half to domestic stocks works out to holding about 15 per cent of their total portfolio in Canadian equities.

That modest allocation to Canadian stocks is a useful model for Canadian investors of all sizes. And if Ottawa doesn’t like it? Perhaps it could do more to make Canada an attractive investment destination.

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Want to Outperform 88% of Professional Fund Managers? Buy This 1 Investment and Hold It Forever. – Yahoo Finance

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You might not think it’s possible to outperform the average Wall Street professional with just a single investment. Fund managers are highly educated and steeped in market data. They get paid a lot of money to make smart investments.

But the truth is, most of them may not be worth the money. With the right steps, individual investors can outperform the majority of active large-cap mutual fund managers over the long run. You don’t need a doctorate or MBA, and you certainly don’t need to follow the everyday goings-on in the stock market. You just need to buy a single investment and hold it forever.

That’s because 88% of active large-cap fund managers have underperformed the S&P 500 index over the last 15 years thru Dec. 31, 2023, according to S&P Global’s most recent SPIVA (S&P Indices Versus Active) scorecard. So if you buy a simple S&P 500 index fund like the Vanguard S&P 500 ETF (NYSEMKT: VOO), chances are that your investment will outperform the average active mutual fund in the long run.

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A street sign reading Wall St in front of a building with columns and American flags.

Image source: Getty Images.

Why is it so hard for fund managers to outperform the S&P 500?

It’s a good bet that the average fund manager is hardworking and well-trained. But there are at least two big factors working against active fund managers.

The first is that institutional investors make up roughly 80% of all trading in the U.S. stock market — far higher than it was years ago when retail investors dominated the market. That means a professional investor is mostly trading shares with another manager who is also very knowledgeable, making it much harder to gain an edge and outperform the benchmark index.

The more basic problem, though, is that fund managers don’t just need to outperform their benchmark index. They need to beat the index by a wide enough margin to justify the fees they charge. And that reduces the odds that any given large-cap fund manager will be able to outperform an S&P 500 index fund by a significant amount.

The SPIVA scorecard found that just 40% of large-cap fund managers outperformed the S&P 500 in 2023 once you factor in fees. So if the odds of outperforming fall to 40-60 for a single year, you can see how the odds of beating the index consistently over the long run could go way down.

What Warren Buffett recommends over any other single investment

Warren Buffett is one of the smartest investors around, and he can’t think of a single better investment than an S&P 500 index fund. He recommends it even above his own company, Berkshire Hathaway.

In his 2016 letter to shareholders, Buffett shared a rough calculation that the search for superior investment advice had cost investors, in aggregate, $100 billion over the previous decade relative to investing in a simple index fund.

Even Berkshire Hathaway holds two small positions in S&P 500 index funds. You’ll find shares of the Vanguard S&P 500 ETF and the SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (NYSEMKT: SPY) in Berkshire’s quarterly disclosures. Both are great options for index investors, offering low expense ratios and low tracking errors (a measure of how closely an ETF price follows the underlying index). There are plenty of other solid index funds you could buy, but either of the above is an excellent option as a starting point.

Should you invest $1,000 in Vanguard S&P 500 ETF right now?

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Adam Levy has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has positions in and recommends Vanguard S&P 500 ETF. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.

Want to Outperform 88% of Professional Fund Managers? Buy This 1 Investment and Hold It Forever. was originally published by The Motley Fool

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