The Bank of Canada’sinterest rate pause is set for its toughest challenge yet on Wednesday as policymakers weigh whether another hike is needed to quell a resilient economy and push inflation down further.
While money markets and some economists say that another hike is in the cards for this week’s interest rate decision, those who spoke to Global News argue the central bank is better off waiting to move off the sidelines and signalling a possible increase later this summer.
The Bank of Canada’s rate hike campaign has been on a “conditional pause” since March, following eight consecutive increases that raised the central bank’s policy rate to 4.5 per cent, up from the lows of 0.25 per cent seen through much of the pandemic.
The central bank said it could remain on pause as long as data continued to show the economy was cooling enough to bring inflation back down to its two per cent target, which has been forecast to reach in 2024.
6:23 Why mortgage and rent costs drove inflation up in Canada
The rate increases to date have raised the cost of borrowing for Canadians and their banks in an effort to cool the economy and take some of the steam out of inflation, which reached 40-plus-year highs in 2022.
Inflation has declined significantly, though Statistics Canada’s headline reading ticked back up slightly to 4.4 per cent in the latest consumer price index report for April from March’s 4.3 per cent.
The economy, meanwhile, has proved hotter than the Bank of Canada’s estimates: gross domestic product (GDP) was higher than forecast in the first quarter of the year, and expectations of a pronounced slowdown haven’t yet materialized.
Avery Shenfeld, chief economist at CIBC Capital Markets, tells Global News that the economy can only run unchecked for so long before a flurry of spending drives prices higher again.
“That’s why the Bank of Canada is now the traffic cop, thinking about giving us a ticket to slow us down,” he tells Global News.
Money markets see a nearly 40 per cent for a 25-basis-point hike on Wednesday, a more than 80 per cent chance for one by July, according to Reuters. They fully price one in by September.
Yet, about two-thirds of economists polled by Reuters last week expect the Bank to keep rates on hold for the rest of this year. Four said they see a hike on Wednesday and three-quarters said there is a risk of at least one increase in June or July.
Here’s why some economists and market analysts see Wednesday’s decision as a toss-up, and what could push the Bank of Canada to hike or to hold.
What’s changed for the Bank of Canada?
Randall Bartlett, director of Canadian economics at Desjardins, said that at the beginning of May, it was looking more and more like the Bank of Canada was in the clear to remain on hold.
Economists were “pretty confident” that the economy was showing signs of slowing and inflation was declining rapidly, by extension.
“All the stars were aligning for the Bank of Canada to stay on pause for a prolonged period of time,” he tells Global News.
Bartlett says that through the month of May, data was starting to show economic winds shift and blow against the central bank’s efforts.
After nearly a year-long correction, buyers returned to housing markets in many Canadian cities with bidding wars emerging over a limited supply of properties. And the Bank of Canada’s closely watched core inflation metrics remained “very, very sticky,” Bartlett says.
And then the GDP figures came in last week, which showed many Canadian consumers continue to spend freely despite pressures placed on them from higher interest rates.
The “clincher,” as Bartlett puts it, was Statistics Canada’s flash estimate for April showed modest growth from the economy; most observers had called for a decline amid an ice storm in central Canada and the public service strike in the month.
Despite these drags on growth, Canada’s economy and consumers have shown they won’t be reined in, he says.
“Underlying momentum in the Canadian economy remains very, very strong.”
More on Money
Shenfeld says the Bank of Canada is also in a tough spot because of what the data hasn’t shown: any weakness in the labour market.
Canada’s unemployment rate has held steady at a low 5.0 per cent through all of 2023 so far, meaning most Canadians have been able to keep hold of their jobs and avoid any loss to income.
An uptick in the unemployment rate means more people lose their jobs, but it can also moderate wage inflation, which Shenfeld says is something the Bank will be looking to keep in check as it attempts to get price pressures all the way back down to two per cent.
“Simply put, that’s not been showing up in the data since they stopped raising interest rates,” he says. “And they might be starting to wonder whether interest rates are high enough to put the brakes on the economy in that way.”
Watching the Bank of Canada’s tone
The traditional wisdom in economics is that interest rate increases work on a lag — it’s only 12-18 months after a rate hike has been delivered that its impact has fully been absorbed into the economy.
These are among the reasons that, despite the economy showing little sign of weakness to date, Shenfeld believes Canada’s monetary policy “traffic cop” ought to let the economy off with a warning, rather than issue a ticket in the form of another hike.
Between Wednesday’s meeting and the Bank’s next decision on July 12, the Bank of Canada will get a few more data prints to see how the economy is faring under the weight of the rate hikes to date.
Two more Labour Force Survey releases will be released, giving a fresh look at how wages and employment is faring; the formal release for April’s GDP figures could show whether the flash estimate was as strong as first expected or perhaps a bit weaker; and inflation numbers will show if there’s been any progress on the “sticky” core inflation figures.
“My personal view is that the Bank of Canada should be a bit more patient,” Shenfeld says.
While markets have fully priced in another interest rate hike before the fall, Shenfeld says the Bank of Canada may also decide its policy rate is restrictive enough to bring inflation down, but that it will leave the higher rate in place for longer.
Leaving the benchmark interest rate on hold but giving a “stern warning” about more rate increases coming can actually act to stifle economic growth in and of itself, he adds, as Canadians plan for higher rates by spending less and fixed mortgage rates rise to anticipate the move.
“It almost acts like a brake on the economy even without raising the (policy rate),” Shenfeld says.
Bartlett, too, believes the Bank of Canada will strongly signal possible additional hikes on Wednesday, but not increase its policy rate just yet.
He notes that policymakers at the central bank are no strangers to surprises during this rate hike cycle. The Bank has left rates unchanged when oddsmakers bet on a hike, and increased by greater magnitudes than the consensus had expected as well.
But he also believes the Bank of Canada will have to do more to signal its intentions before moving off its pause. He expects the press release announcing the rate decision will be “hawkish” — leaning towards additional rate increases — and setting up a move in July if data released in June doesn’t align more closely to the Bank’s forecasts.
Bartlett says he expects the Bank of Canada will leave rates unchanged on Wednesday and hike by a quarter percentage point in July. If the economy remains persistent, another 25-basis-point step later in the year also is not off the table, he adds.
“If we continue to see strength in the labour market, the economy, elevated inflation, I think all of those are going to contribute to the Bank of Canada needing to put its foot back on the brake again.”
Statistics Canada will publish the next Labour Force Survey for May on Friday.
OTTAWA – Canada’s unemployment rate held steady at 6.5 per cent last month as hiring remained weak across the economy.
Statistics Canada’s labour force survey on Friday said employment rose by a modest 15,000 jobs in October.
Business, building and support services saw the largest gain in employment.
Meanwhile, finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing experienced the largest decline.
Many economists see weakness in the job market continuing in the short term, before the Bank of Canada’s interest rate cuts spark a rebound in economic growth next year.
Despite ongoing softness in the labour market, however, strong wage growth has raged on in Canada. Average hourly wages in October grew 4.9 per cent from a year ago, reaching $35.76.
Friday’s report also shed some light on the financial health of households.
According to the agency, 28.8 per cent of Canadians aged 15 or older were living in a household that had difficulty meeting financial needs – like food and housing – in the previous four weeks.
That was down from 33.1 per cent in October 2023 and 35.5 per cent in October 2022, but still above the 20.4 per cent figure recorded in October 2020.
People living in a rented home were more likely to report difficulty meeting financial needs, with nearly four in 10 reporting that was the case.
That compares with just under a quarter of those living in an owned home by a household member.
Immigrants were also more likely to report facing financial strain last month, with about four out of 10 immigrants who landed in the last year doing so.
That compares with about three in 10 more established immigrants and one in four of people born in Canada.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Nov. 8, 2024.
The Canadian Institute for Health Information says health-care spending in Canada is projected to reach a new high in 2024.
The annual report released Thursday says total health spending is expected to hit $372 billion, or $9,054 per Canadian.
CIHI’s national analysis predicts expenditures will rise by 5.7 per cent in 2024, compared to 4.5 per cent in 2023 and 1.7 per cent in 2022.
This year’s health spending is estimated to represent 12.4 per cent of Canada’s gross domestic product. Excluding two years of the pandemic, it would be the highest ratio in the country’s history.
While it’s not unusual for health expenditures to outpace economic growth, the report says this could be the case for the next several years due to Canada’s growing population and its aging demographic.
Canada’s per capita spending on health care in 2022 was among the highest in the world, but still less than countries such as the United States and Sweden.
The report notes that the Canadian dental and pharmacare plans could push health-care spending even further as more people who previously couldn’t afford these services start using them.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Nov. 7, 2024.
Canadian Press health coverage receives support through a partnership with the Canadian Medical Association. CP is solely responsible for this content.
As Canadians wake up to news that Donald Trump will return to the White House, the president-elect’s protectionist stance is casting a spotlight on what effect his second term will have on Canada-U.S. economic ties.
Some Canadian business leaders have expressed worry over Trump’s promise to introduce a universal 10 per cent tariff on all American imports.
A Canadian Chamber of Commerce report released last month suggested those tariffs would shrink the Canadian economy, resulting in around $30 billion per year in economic costs.
More than 77 per cent of Canadian exports go to the U.S.
Canada’s manufacturing sector faces the biggest risk should Trump push forward on imposing broad tariffs, said Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters president and CEO Dennis Darby. He said the sector is the “most trade-exposed” within Canada.
“It’s in the U.S.’s best interest, it’s in our best interest, but most importantly for consumers across North America, that we’re able to trade goods, materials, ingredients, as we have under the trade agreements,” Darby said in an interview.
“It’s a more complex or complicated outcome than it would have been with the Democrats, but we’ve had to deal with this before and we’re going to do our best to deal with it again.”
American economists have also warned Trump’s plan could cause inflation and possibly a recession, which could have ripple effects in Canada.
It’s consumers who will ultimately feel the burden of any inflationary effect caused by broad tariffs, said Darby.
“A tariff tends to raise costs, and it ultimately raises prices, so that’s something that we have to be prepared for,” he said.
“It could tilt production mandates. A tariff makes goods more expensive, but on the same token, it also will make inputs for the U.S. more expensive.”
A report last month by TD economist Marc Ercolao said research shows a full-scale implementation of Trump’s tariff plan could lead to a near-five per cent reduction in Canadian export volumes to the U.S. by early-2027, relative to current baseline forecasts.
Retaliation by Canada would also increase costs for domestic producers, and push import volumes lower in the process.
“Slowing import activity mitigates some of the negative net trade impact on total GDP enough to avoid a technical recession, but still produces a period of extended stagnation through 2025 and 2026,” Ercolao said.
Since the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement came into effect in 2020, trade between Canada and the U.S. has surged by 46 per cent, according to the Toronto Region Board of Trade.
With that deal is up for review in 2026, Canadian Chamber of Commerce president and CEO Candace Laing said the Canadian government “must collaborate effectively with the Trump administration to preserve and strengthen our bilateral economic partnership.”
“With an impressive $3.6 billion in daily trade, Canada and the United States are each other’s closest international partners. The secure and efficient flow of goods and people across our border … remains essential for the economies of both countries,” she said in a statement.
“By resisting tariffs and trade barriers that will only raise prices and hurt consumers in both countries, Canada and the United States can strengthen resilient cross-border supply chains that enhance our shared economic security.”
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Nov. 6, 2024.
