Bumblebees Bite Plants to Make Them Bloom, Scientists Find - ScienceAlert | Canada News Media
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Bumblebees Bite Plants to Make Them Bloom, Scientists Find – ScienceAlert

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When you wake up hungry and there’s nothing to eat, the most sensible thing to do is acquire snacks. In this, bumblebees are no different from humans. If they wake early from hibernation to find a scarcity of pollen, the insects have a cunning way to force plants to flower.

Using their mandibles and proboscises, bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) chew holes in plant leaves, causing them to bloom weeks earlier than they usually would, in turn supplying the bees with food.

It could be providing the fuzzy little insects with a valuable survival tool when warmer temperatures due to climate change wake them from hibernation early – that is, before plants usually start flowering.

Researchers at ETH Zürich first noticed the peculiar behaviour in a greenhouse they had set up to study how bees respond to plant smells, Science Magazine reported.

“Initial behavioural observations with four plant species revealed that bumblebee workers use their proboscises and mandibles to cut distinctively shaped holes in plant leaves, with each damage event taking only a few seconds,” the researchers wrote in their paper.

“However, we saw no clear evidence that bees were actively feeding on leaves or transporting leaf material back to the hive.”

Previous research had found that abiotically inducing stress in plants could accelerate the flowering timeline. So, the researchers hypothesised that if the bees were not eating the leaves or using them for nests, perhaps the plant-munching was for another reason – using this plant stress response to get aboard the pollen train sooner.

To test this idea, the team put mesh cages over black mustard (Brassica nigra) and tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) that weren’t due to flower, and released hungry, pollen-deprived bumblebees inside.

As a control, more plants of each kind were set up in a greenhouse without bumblebees; in another group of each plant, the researchers themselves cut holes in the leaves in the same-half-moon shapes they’d seen the bumblebees cut. Then, they watched and waited.

(Pashalidou et al., Science, 2020)

The results were jaw-dropping. Black mustard plants chewed by bumblebees flowered on average 16 days earlier than the unchewed controls. The tomato plants were even more striking – they flowered up to 30 days earlier.

The team also found that bumblebees deprived of pollen conducted significantly more damage to non-flowering plants than the bees with sufficient food, suggesting that hunger drives the rate at which bumblebees damage plants.

They even saw two other species of bumblebee – the red-tailed bumblebee (B. lapidarius) and white-tailed bumblebee (B. lucorum) damaging plants in the same manner, confirming that the behaviour is not exclusive to commercial bumblebee hives.

Where it gets really interesting though, is when it comes to the plants the researchers cut up to mimic bumblebee damage. They flowered earlier than the undamaged controls, but not nearly as early as the plants chewed by bees. The human-damaged mustard plants only flowered eight days earlier, and the tomato plants just five.

Why this is the case is not yet known. It’s possible that the bees release a chemical that triggers a stronger response in the plants, but more research will be needed to figure this out for sure.

The results do suggest that bumblebees have access to an adaptive survival tool that could prove vital as the climate continues to warm. It’s possible that the plants have adapted to respond to this bee-haviour, too – if the bumblebees die from lack of food, pollination could be greatly reduced, so it benefits the plants to flower when their pollinators need them to.

In turn, this could mean these organisms are just a little bit more resistant to a changing climate than we thought, which is encouraging in the face of the growing climate crisis.

“The demonstration that bee-inflicted leaf damage can have strong effects on time to flowering may have important ecological implications, including for the resilience of plant-pollinator interactions to increases in phenological asymmetry caused by anthropogenic environmental changes,” the researchers wrote.

The research has been published in Science.

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The body of a Ugandan Olympic athlete who was set on fire by her partner is received by family

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NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) — The body of Ugandan Olympic athlete Rebecca Cheptegei — who died after being set on fire by her partner in Kenya — was received Friday by family and anti-femicide crusaders, ahead of her burial a day later.

Cheptegei’s family met with dozens of activists Friday who had marched to the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital’s morgue in the western city of Eldoret while chanting anti-femicide slogans.

She is the fourth female athlete to have been killed by her partner in Kenya in yet another case of gender-based violence in recent years.

Viola Cheptoo, the founder of Tirop Angels – an organization that was formed in honor of athlete Agnes Tirop, who was stabbed to death in 2021, said stakeholders need to ensure this is the last death of an athlete due to gender-based violence.

“We are here to say that enough is enough, we are tired of burying our sisters due to GBV,” she said.

It was a somber mood at the morgue as athletes and family members viewed Cheptegei’s body which sustained 80% of burns after she was doused with gasoline by her partner Dickson Ndiema. Ndiema sustained 30% burns on his body and later succumbed.

Ndiema and Cheptegei were said to have quarreled over a piece of land that the athlete bought in Kenya, according to a report filed by the local chief.

Cheptegei competed in the women’s marathon at the Paris Olympics less than a month before the attack. She finished in 44th place.

Cheptegei’s father, Joseph, said that the body will make a brief stop at their home in the Endebess area before proceeding to Bukwo in eastern Uganda for a night vigil and burial on Saturday.

“We are in the final part of giving my daughter the last respect,” a visibly distraught Joseph said.

He told reporters last week that Ndiema was stalking and threatening Cheptegei and the family had informed police.

Kenya’s high rates of violence against women have prompted marches by ordinary citizens in towns and cities this year.

Four in 10 women or an estimated 41% of dating or married Kenyan women have experienced physical or sexual violence perpetrated by their current or most recent partner, according to the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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The ancient jar smashed by a 4-year-old is back on display at an Israeli museum after repair

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TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — A rare Bronze-Era jar accidentally smashed by a 4-year-old visiting a museum was back on display Wednesday after restoration experts were able to carefully piece the artifact back together.

Last month, a family from northern Israel was visiting the museum when their youngest son tipped over the jar, which smashed into pieces.

Alex Geller, the boy’s father, said his son — the youngest of three — is exceptionally curious, and that the moment he heard the crash, “please let that not be my child” was the first thought that raced through his head.

The jar has been on display at the Hecht Museum in Haifa for 35 years. It was one of the only containers of its size and from that period still complete when it was discovered.

The Bronze Age jar is one of many artifacts exhibited out in the open, part of the Hecht Museum’s vision of letting visitors explore history without glass barriers, said Inbal Rivlin, the director of the museum, which is associated with Haifa University in northern Israel.

It was likely used to hold wine or oil, and dates back to between 2200 and 1500 B.C.

Rivlin and the museum decided to turn the moment, which captured international attention, into a teaching moment, inviting the Geller family back for a special visit and hands-on activity to illustrate the restoration process.

Rivlin added that the incident provided a welcome distraction from the ongoing war in Gaza. “Well, he’s just a kid. So I think that somehow it touches the heart of the people in Israel and around the world,“ said Rivlin.

Roee Shafir, a restoration expert at the museum, said the repairs would be fairly simple, as the pieces were from a single, complete jar. Archaeologists often face the more daunting task of sifting through piles of shards from multiple objects and trying to piece them together.

Experts used 3D technology, hi-resolution videos, and special glue to painstakingly reconstruct the large jar.

Less than two weeks after it broke, the jar went back on display at the museum. The gluing process left small hairline cracks, and a few pieces are missing, but the jar’s impressive size remains.

The only noticeable difference in the exhibit was a new sign reading “please don’t touch.”

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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B.C. sets up a panel on bear deaths, will review conservation officer training

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VICTORIA – The British Columbia government is partnering with a bear welfare group to reduce the number of bears being euthanized in the province.

Nicholas Scapillati, executive director of Grizzly Bear Foundation, said Monday that it comes after months-long discussions with the province on how to protect bears, with the goal to give the animals a “better and second chance at life in the wild.”

Scapillati said what’s exciting about the project is that the government is open to working with outside experts and the public.

“So, they’ll be working through Indigenous knowledge and scientific understanding, bringing in the latest techniques and training expertise from leading experts,” he said in an interview.

B.C. government data show conservation officers destroyed 603 black bears and 23 grizzly bears in 2023, while 154 black bears were killed by officers in the first six months of this year.

Scapillati said the group will publish a report with recommendations by next spring, while an independent oversight committee will be set up to review all bear encounters with conservation officers to provide advice to the government.

Environment Minister George Heyman said in a statement that they are looking for new ways to ensure conservation officers “have the trust of the communities they serve,” and the panel will make recommendations to enhance officer training and improve policies.

Lesley Fox, with the wildlife protection group The Fur-Bearers, said they’ve been calling for such a committee for decades.

“This move demonstrates the government is listening,” said Fox. “I suspect, because of the impending election, their listening skills are potentially a little sharper than they normally are.”

Fox said the partnership came from “a place of long frustration” as provincial conservation officers kill more than 500 black bears every year on average, and the public is “no longer tolerating this kind of approach.”

“I think that the conservation officer service and the B.C. government are aware they need to change, and certainly the public has been asking for it,” said Fox.

Fox said there’s a lot of optimism about the new partnership, but, as with any government, there will likely be a lot of red tape to get through.

“I think speed is going to be important, whether or not the committee has the ability to make change and make change relatively quickly without having to study an issue to death, ” said Fox.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 9, 2024.

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