CBC Alberta and Saskatchewan have teamed up for a new pilot series on weather and climate change on the Prairies. Meteorologist Christy Climenhaga will bring her expert voice to the conversation to help explain weather phenomena and climate change and how it impacts everyday life.
It’s the world’s largest forest of least disturbance. A stretch of trees sweeping around the globe, accounting for a third of the Earth’s forested area.
We’re talking about the boreal forest. The planet’s coldest forest – a massive store for carbon accumulated over thousands of years and a thriving ecosystem for plants and animals.
In Canada, over 300 million hectares of boreal forest stretches from Yukon all the way through the northern half of the provinces, east towards Newfoundland. The boreal forest is home to half the nation’s species of birds, and 3.7 million people.
As our climate changes, this great expanse of cold forest is getting warmer. Average temperatures across the Prairies are 1.9C warmer since the mid-20th century, according to Environment and Climate Change Canada.
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Winters are getting shorter and milder overall. Summers are getting hotter with not enough moisture to compensate for the heat. Though some of these changes may seem small, they have big impacts on our local ecosystems, including the boreal forest.
So what will happen to this beacon of Canadian wilderness as our climate continues to change? Will it survive?
As summer weather warms, pests, wildfire risk and changing precipitation could cause parts of our southernmost boreal forests to die off – while the northern reaches expand into the warming Arctic. Meteorologist Christy Climenhaga explains.
Boreal is constantly changing
Change is nothing new for the boreal forest. It is under constant pressure from natural disturbances – things like fire and insects – that can help the forest renew itself and become more resilient.
But what happens when these disturbances happen more often, when they start to become the new normal?
That’s the lens we are looking through as we continue to see our climate changing at a rapid rate.
“If we think about drought, fire, insects and disease, this large tract is contending with all of these threats all the time. But under climate change at least some of these threats are going to become more severe,” says Janice Cooke, a professor of biological sciences at the University of Alberta.
Water stress and trees
When the mercury climbs, evaporation happens more readily and plants lose water at a high rate through transpiration. When it is not replaced, we start to get into moisture deficits. And the longer those deficits last, the more stress they put on our plants.
“When trees are faced with a lack of water, it’s pretty serious. They close their pores on their leaves and they try to hold out,” says Cooke.
By trying to conserve water, they are not gaining sugars or resources they need to grow.
Cooke says as growth is stunted, the trees also lose a bit of their capacity to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which starts to turn into a vicious cycle.
“We know those elevated temperatures create more drought. It’s a dangerous feedback loop.”
Water stress could affect growth along the southern edge of the boreal forest with climate change. (David Bajer/CBC)
The boreal and the Prairies
Although you may picture a skyline of endless grassland, the boreal forest covers over half of our Prairie provinces.
In Alberta and Saskatchewan, the northern half of both provinces is rooted in the boreal, and in Manitoba it stretches even further south, covering three quarters of the province.
But the health of that forest is already changing in the Prairies.
Ted Hogg, an emeritus research scientist in the climate change program of the Canadian Forest Service, studies deteriorating forest health.
“The big impacts we’re seeing are in northern Alberta, where we’ve had frequent severe droughts going back to 2002,” he says.
Hogg says the 2002 drought meant major tree loss in the aspen parkland and southern boreal between Edmonton and Saskatoon. But recent droughts are extending that stress northward.
“What we’ve seen more recently is some other parts in places near Peace River, northwestern Alberta, and even up into the Northwest Territories, seen similar things happening … so the mortality of aspens have gone further than we ever expected.”
According to Diana Stralberg, a research scientist at the Northern Forestry Centre with Natural Resources Canada, these stressors could lead to a shift in the forest to more of a prairie grassland system.
“When you have a fire followed by drought, where the seeds or seedlings don’t survive and then they get hit again by a fire, you can have a risk that can result in a lack of forest regeneration.”
Stralberg says as we see die-off in Alberta’s parkland and southern boreal regions, we may see the forest shift northward.
Smoke and flames from the wildfires erupt behind a car on the highway near Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada, May 7, 2016. According to Natural Resources Canada, climate change could potentially double the amount of northern boreal forest burned by 2100 compared to recent decades. (Mark Blinch/Reuters)
A march northward
That shift of an ecosystem is no small feat, but it is something that more scientists are seeing.
Logan Berner, an assistant research professor at Northern Arizona University, has been studying the state of the global boreal region.
“There is emerging evidence that as the climate continues to warm, the boreal might shift northward,” he says.
This shift would mean an expansion of boreal trees and shrubs into Arctic and alpine tundra, and potentially a contraction of the forest along the southern margins, according to Berner.
In his research, Berner studies tree browning and greening – basically, where growth is increasing, and where it is decreasing.
Berner looked at a number of sites within the boreal forest between 1985 and 2019 to see how growth trends changed. He says that they saw increased greening at the northern edge of the forest.
Berner’s study showed more growth of the forest in the Arctic, and more die-off in the prairie boreal forest. (Logan Berner, Scott Goetz/Northern Arizona University)
“We think that this is primarily due to higher temperatures, making it possible for trees and shrubs to grow larger and expand their footprint and extend along the forest.”
Berner says that in contrast to the northern greening, there were significant declines in vegetation gradients across parts of the southern boreal forest in North America and Eurasia.
“These are kind of early indications that a … shift could be occurring.”
But even as trees begin to populate further north, according to Stralberg, it may not make up for the habitat lost in the south.
“You can lose forest a lot faster than it can grow and provide habitat for wildlife. So if you lose an older forest here in the south, you don’t really have the opportunity to make that up really very soon.”
Stralberg says that means a lot of species that are depending on older mature forests, especially coniferous forests, could struggle.
“As we have more open woodlands and more grassland conditions, then you could see different species coming in. But the fact is that these things are happening so quickly that it’s really easy to have loss, especially when you compound with all the other human activities.”
Stress from pests
Bugs make up another piece of the boreal climate puzzle as we continue to see warming.
As trees struggle with the lack of water it could mean openings for insects, says Jennifer Klutsch, a research scientist with Natural Resources Canada and a forest entomologist.
“Drought stress can lead to those trees not being very well defended against not just native insects and pathogens, but also range expansions such as mountain pine beetle” she says. “That can lead to greater outbreaks, frequency and severity.”
The green forests in and around Jasper National Park are increasingly marred by red, rusty-coloured trees, a sign that the mountain pine beetle has devastated the areas. (Alex Zabjek/CBC)
It also comes down to timing, Klutsch says. Insects, with their shorter life cycles, can respond more quickly to changes in temperature and moisture than trees can.
“They can build up populations and trees are not really able to adapt to this new disturbance regime that’s coming their way.”
And with warmer winters, bug populations could grow.
“If we don’t get the cold winters that we kind of expect in the boreal, then that can lead to bark beetle populations maintaining because of that lack of winter mortality events.”
Is it too late?
Well, here is the glimmer of hope.
While we are clearly seeing changes in our boreal region, changes can still be made.
“I think that to some degree there is some inevitability that we are on this trajectory of warming that we have to respond to and adapt to,” says Stralberg. “I think to a certain extent we can reduce the damage.”
She says there is potential in looking at the landscape, finding the areas that are more resilient, and trying to protect or conserve them.
“Areas that have larger peatland complexes and more interfaces between the upland forests and the peatlands, I think there you have more potential to really keep that water on the landscape,” she says.
According to Stralberg, small-scale changes in topography at specific locations where you can have a little bit of shading and protection from direct sun, and the ability for water to be maintained, has potential as well.
Cooke agrees that there is still time to act to protect this vital ecosystem.
“Is it ever too late to do something better? I would say no. We can always try to do better and hope that that’s going to have an effect, but we can never wind back the clock.”
Our planet is changing. So is our journalism. This story is part of a CBC News initiative entitled “Our Changing Planet” to show and explain the effects of climate change. Keep up with the latest news on our Climate and Environment page.
Nova Scotia RCMP say their investigation into two suspicious deaths earlier this month has concluded that one man died by homicide and the other by suicide.
The bodies of two men, aged 40 and 73, were found in a home in Windsor, N.S., on Sept. 3.
Police say the province’s medical examiner determined the 40-year-old man was killed and the 73-year-old man killed himself.
They say the two men were members of the same family.
No arrests or charges are anticipated, and the names of the deceased will not be released.
RCMP say they will not be releasing any further details out of respect for the family.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 16, 2024.
For the first time in their history, members of the Cree community of Nemaska received a visit from a sitting Quebec premier on Sunday and were able to share first-hand the story of how they were displaced by a hydroelectric project in the 1970s.
François Legault was greeted in Nemaska by men and women who arrived by canoe to re-enact the founding of their new village in the Eeyou Istchee James Bay region, in northern Quebec, 47 years ago. The community was forced in the early 1970s to move from its original location because members were told it would be flooded as part of the Nottaway-Broadback-Rupert hydro project.
The reservoir was ultimately constructed elsewhere, but by then the members of the village had already left for other places, abandoning their homes and many of their belongings in the process.
George Wapachee, co-author of the book “Going Home,” said community members were “relocated for nothing.”
“We didn’t know what the rights were, or who to turn to,” he said in an interview. “That turned us into refugees and we were forced to abandon the life we knew.”
Nemaska’s story illustrates the challenges Legault’s government faces as it looks to build new dams to meet the province’s power needs, which are anticipated to double by 2050. Legault has promised that any new projects will be developed in partnership with Indigenous people and have “social acceptability,” but experts say that’s easier said than done.
François Bouffard, an associate professor of electrical engineering at McGill University, said the earlier era of hydro projects were developed without any consideration for the Indigenous inhabitants living nearby.
“We live in a much different world now,” he said. “Any kind of hydro development, no matter where in Quebec, will require true consent and partnership from Indigenous communities.” Those groups likely want to be treated as stakeholders, he added.
Securing wider social acceptability for projects that significantly change the landscape — as hydro dams often do — is also “a big ask,” he said. The government, Bouchard added, will likely focus on boosting capacity in its existing dams, or building installations that run off river flow and don’t require flooding large swaths of land to create reservoirs.
Louis Beaumier, executive director of the Trottier Energy Institute at Polytechnique Montreal, said Legault’s visit to Nemaska represents a desire for reconciliation with Indigenous people who were traumatized by the way earlier projects were carried about.
Any new projects will need the consent of local First Nations, Beaumier said, adding that its easier to get their blessing for wind power projects compared to dams, because they’re less destructive to the environment and easier around which to structure a partnership agreement.
Beaumier added that he believes it will be nearly impossible to get the public — Indigenous or not — to agree to “the destruction of a river” for a new dam, noting that in recent decades people have come to recognize rivers as the “unique, irreplaceable riches” that they are.
Legault’s visit to northern Quebec came on Sept. 15, when the community gathers every year to remember the founding of the “New Nemaska,” on the shores of Lake Champion in the heart of the boreal forest, some 1,500 kilometres from Montreal. Nemaska Chief Clarence Jolly said the community invited Legault to a traditional feast on Sunday, and planned to present him with Wapachee’s book and tell him their stories.
The book, published in 2022 along with Susan Marshall, is filled with stories of Nemaska community members. Leaving behind sewing machines and hunting dogs, they were initially sent to two different villages, Wapachee said.
In their new homes, several of them were forced to live in “deplorable conditions,” and some were physically and verbally abused, he said. The new village of Nemaska was only built a few years later, in 1977.
“At this time, families were losing their children to prison-schools,” he said, in reference to the residential school system. “Imagine the burden of losing your community as well.”
Thomas Jolly, a former chief, said he was 15 years old when he was forced to leave his village with all his belongings in a single bag.
Meeting Legault was important “because have to recognize what happened and we have to talk about the repercussions that the relocation had on people,” he said, adding that those effects are still felt today.
Earlier Sunday, Legault was in the Cree community of Eastmain, where he participated in the official renaming of a hydro complex in honour of former premier Bernard Landry. At the event, Legault said he would follow the example of his late predecessor, who oversaw the signing of the historic “Paix des Braves” agreement between the Quebec government and the Cree in 2002.
He said there is “significant potential” in Eeyou Istchee James Bay, both in increasing the capacity of its large dams and in developing wind power projects.
“Obviously, we will do that with the Cree,” he said.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 16, 2024.
NEMASKA – For the first time in their history, members of the Cree community of Nemaska received a visit from a sitting Quebec premier on Sunday and were able to share first-hand the story of how they were displaced by a hydroelectric project in the 1970s.
François Legault was greeted in Nemaska by men and women who arrived by canoe to re-enact the founding of their new village in the Eeyou Istchee James Bay region, in northern Quebec, 47 years ago. The community was forced in the early 1970s to move from their original location because they were told it would be flooded as part of the Nottaway-Broadback-Rupert hydro project.
The reservoir was ultimately constructed elsewhere, but by then the members of the village had already left for other places, abandoning their homes and many of their belongings in the process.
George Wapachee, co-author of the book “Going Home,” said community members were “relocated for nothing.”
“We didn’t know what the rights were, or who to turn to,” he said in an interview. “That turned us into refugees and we were forced to abandon the life we knew.”
The book, published in 2022 by Wapachee and Susan Marshall, is filled with stories of Cree community members. Leaving behind sewing machines and hunting dogs, they were initially sent to two different villages, 100 and 300 kilometres away, Wapachee said.
In their new homes, several of them were forced to live in “deplorable conditions,” and some were physically and verbally abused, he said. The new village of Nemaska was only built a few years later, in 1977.
“At this time, families were losing their children to prison-schools,” he said, in reference to the residential school system. “Imagine the burden of losing your community as well.”
Legault’s visit came on Sept. 15, when the community gathers every year to remember the founding of the “New Nemaska,” on the shores of Lake Champion in the heart of the boreal forest, some 1,500 kilometres from Montreal. Nemaska Chief Clarence Jolly said the community invited Legault to a traditional feast on Sunday, and planned to present him with Wapachee’s book and tell him their stories.
Thomas Jolly, a former chief, said he was 15 years old when he was forced to leave his village with all his belongings in a single bag.
Meeting Legault was important “because have to recognize what happened and we have to talk about the repercussions that the relocation had on people,” he said, adding that those effects are still felt today.
Earlier Sunday, Legault had been in the Cree community of Eastmain, where he participated in the official renaming of a hydro dam in honour of former premier Bernard Landry.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 16, 2024.
