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CO2-neutral and vegan leather – made from mushrooms – Innovation Origins

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Leather has been fashioned out of animal skin for centuries. In a lot of cases, this is a by-product of meat production and is seen as such. Yet it is not only livestock farming that is becoming more and more the focus of animal, nature, and environmental conservationists. The leather production process is also being increasingly regarded as ethically objectionable and damaging to the environment. It leads to deforestation so as to make way for more grazing pasture. As well as more greenhouse gas emissions, and the use of hazardous substances in the tanning process.

Artificial leather Leather is made of synthetic polymers, but even this method has its downsides. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane, and chemicals derived from fossil fuels are used in this process.

Fully biodegradable

“This is where the leather-like materials obtained from fungi come into play. These are CO2-neutral and are usually also fully biodegradable at the end of their service life,” says materials chemist Alexander Bismarck from the Faculty of Chemistry at the University of Vienna. He is also currently a visiting professor at the Imperial College London. Bismarck and his colleague Mitchell Jones are leading an international team engaged in further research into the harvesting of fungi to make a new type of leather.

According to statements by the scientists, the use of fungi to produce leather substitutes is “possible through the recycling of inexpensive agricultural and forestry by-products (e.g. sawdust)”. These by-products serve as the basis for the fungal mycelium. These are elongated tubular structures that stimulate the vegetative growth of filamentous fungi.

This fungal biomass can be harvested after a period of growth and then treated both physiologically and chemically. ” Ultimately, these layers of fungal biomass resemble leather in appearance, and they possess comparable material properties and haptic characteristics,” says Institute Director Alexander Bismarck. Some biotech companies are already marketing materials derived from fungi.

A significant role in the future

All the substances contained in the leather substitute from fungi. These include chitin and other polysaccharides such as glucans, and are fully biodegradable. As part of their study on the production of fungal tissues and foam-like building materials (e.g. for insulation), Bismarck and his colleague Jones had previously researched mushrooms and reddish foliage.

In their study published in the academic journal Nature Sustainability, they have examined the sustainability of cowhide and imitation leather. Plus, they also presented the first developments and commercialization of leather substitutes derived from fungi. One of the greatest challenges currently facing the production of leather-like materials from fungi remains “achieving homogeneous and consistent mycelium sheets that exhibit uniform growth and consistent thickness, color, and mechanical properties.”

Up until now, the production of these materials has primarily been driven by commercial interests, the scientists say. Above all, sustainability-oriented consumers and vegans are interested in mushrooms as raw material for leather substitutes. This is because they represent a cost-effective, socially- and environmentally friendly alternative to cowhide and imitation leather.

“Significant advances in this technology along with the growing number of companies producing leather alternatives that use fungal biomass suggest that this new material will play a significant role in the future of ethically and environmentally responsible textiles.”

Publication in ‘Nature Sustainability’

Leather-like material biofabrication using fungi‘ Mitchell Jones, Antoni Gandia, Sabu John and alexander Bismarck, Nature Sustainability 2020, DOI: 10.1038/s41893-020-00606-1

Title picture: Leather-like materials derived from fungi have considerable potential, especially in terms of sustainability. (© Alexander Bismarck)

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The body of a Ugandan Olympic athlete who was set on fire by her partner is received by family

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NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) — The body of Ugandan Olympic athlete Rebecca Cheptegei — who died after being set on fire by her partner in Kenya — was received Friday by family and anti-femicide crusaders, ahead of her burial a day later.

Cheptegei’s family met with dozens of activists Friday who had marched to the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital’s morgue in the western city of Eldoret while chanting anti-femicide slogans.

She is the fourth female athlete to have been killed by her partner in Kenya in yet another case of gender-based violence in recent years.

Viola Cheptoo, the founder of Tirop Angels – an organization that was formed in honor of athlete Agnes Tirop, who was stabbed to death in 2021, said stakeholders need to ensure this is the last death of an athlete due to gender-based violence.

“We are here to say that enough is enough, we are tired of burying our sisters due to GBV,” she said.

It was a somber mood at the morgue as athletes and family members viewed Cheptegei’s body which sustained 80% of burns after she was doused with gasoline by her partner Dickson Ndiema. Ndiema sustained 30% burns on his body and later succumbed.

Ndiema and Cheptegei were said to have quarreled over a piece of land that the athlete bought in Kenya, according to a report filed by the local chief.

Cheptegei competed in the women’s marathon at the Paris Olympics less than a month before the attack. She finished in 44th place.

Cheptegei’s father, Joseph, said that the body will make a brief stop at their home in the Endebess area before proceeding to Bukwo in eastern Uganda for a night vigil and burial on Saturday.

“We are in the final part of giving my daughter the last respect,” a visibly distraught Joseph said.

He told reporters last week that Ndiema was stalking and threatening Cheptegei and the family had informed police.

Kenya’s high rates of violence against women have prompted marches by ordinary citizens in towns and cities this year.

Four in 10 women or an estimated 41% of dating or married Kenyan women have experienced physical or sexual violence perpetrated by their current or most recent partner, according to the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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The ancient jar smashed by a 4-year-old is back on display at an Israeli museum after repair

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TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — A rare Bronze-Era jar accidentally smashed by a 4-year-old visiting a museum was back on display Wednesday after restoration experts were able to carefully piece the artifact back together.

Last month, a family from northern Israel was visiting the museum when their youngest son tipped over the jar, which smashed into pieces.

Alex Geller, the boy’s father, said his son — the youngest of three — is exceptionally curious, and that the moment he heard the crash, “please let that not be my child” was the first thought that raced through his head.

The jar has been on display at the Hecht Museum in Haifa for 35 years. It was one of the only containers of its size and from that period still complete when it was discovered.

The Bronze Age jar is one of many artifacts exhibited out in the open, part of the Hecht Museum’s vision of letting visitors explore history without glass barriers, said Inbal Rivlin, the director of the museum, which is associated with Haifa University in northern Israel.

It was likely used to hold wine or oil, and dates back to between 2200 and 1500 B.C.

Rivlin and the museum decided to turn the moment, which captured international attention, into a teaching moment, inviting the Geller family back for a special visit and hands-on activity to illustrate the restoration process.

Rivlin added that the incident provided a welcome distraction from the ongoing war in Gaza. “Well, he’s just a kid. So I think that somehow it touches the heart of the people in Israel and around the world,“ said Rivlin.

Roee Shafir, a restoration expert at the museum, said the repairs would be fairly simple, as the pieces were from a single, complete jar. Archaeologists often face the more daunting task of sifting through piles of shards from multiple objects and trying to piece them together.

Experts used 3D technology, hi-resolution videos, and special glue to painstakingly reconstruct the large jar.

Less than two weeks after it broke, the jar went back on display at the museum. The gluing process left small hairline cracks, and a few pieces are missing, but the jar’s impressive size remains.

The only noticeable difference in the exhibit was a new sign reading “please don’t touch.”

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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B.C. sets up a panel on bear deaths, will review conservation officer training

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VICTORIA – The British Columbia government is partnering with a bear welfare group to reduce the number of bears being euthanized in the province.

Nicholas Scapillati, executive director of Grizzly Bear Foundation, said Monday that it comes after months-long discussions with the province on how to protect bears, with the goal to give the animals a “better and second chance at life in the wild.”

Scapillati said what’s exciting about the project is that the government is open to working with outside experts and the public.

“So, they’ll be working through Indigenous knowledge and scientific understanding, bringing in the latest techniques and training expertise from leading experts,” he said in an interview.

B.C. government data show conservation officers destroyed 603 black bears and 23 grizzly bears in 2023, while 154 black bears were killed by officers in the first six months of this year.

Scapillati said the group will publish a report with recommendations by next spring, while an independent oversight committee will be set up to review all bear encounters with conservation officers to provide advice to the government.

Environment Minister George Heyman said in a statement that they are looking for new ways to ensure conservation officers “have the trust of the communities they serve,” and the panel will make recommendations to enhance officer training and improve policies.

Lesley Fox, with the wildlife protection group The Fur-Bearers, said they’ve been calling for such a committee for decades.

“This move demonstrates the government is listening,” said Fox. “I suspect, because of the impending election, their listening skills are potentially a little sharper than they normally are.”

Fox said the partnership came from “a place of long frustration” as provincial conservation officers kill more than 500 black bears every year on average, and the public is “no longer tolerating this kind of approach.”

“I think that the conservation officer service and the B.C. government are aware they need to change, and certainly the public has been asking for it,” said Fox.

Fox said there’s a lot of optimism about the new partnership, but, as with any government, there will likely be a lot of red tape to get through.

“I think speed is going to be important, whether or not the committee has the ability to make change and make change relatively quickly without having to study an issue to death, ” said Fox.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 9, 2024.

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