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Euclid mission sets out in search of clues to universe’s biggest mystery – the nature of dark energy

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Scientists look over the Euclid space telescope in Cannes, France, on Feb. 21.VALERY HACHE

A mission to illuminate one of the universe’s darkest secrets is under way after a successful launch on Saturday at Cape Canaveral in Florida.

The long-anticipated flight of Euclid, an astronomical probe developed and built by the European Space Agency, looked in jeopardy last year when the war in Ukraine ended plans for it to be launched atop a Russian Soyuz rocket. But a timely switch to private launch provider SpaceX proved the key to getting the mission off the ground.

Canadian scientists are among those partnering in Euclid’s quest, which is set to begin once the spacecraft reaches its destination at ‘L2′ – a point in space 1.5 million kilometres from Earth, where NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope is also located.

But unlike Webb, which is busy making the most distant stars and galaxies in the universe visible to us, Euclid is built to explore something that will never be visible to anyone.

“Our number-one goal is focused around dark energy,” said Dr. Will Percival, an astrophysicist at the University of Waterloo in Ontario and a senior member of Euclid’s science team. “We want to understand what it is. We want to know why the expansion of the universe is accelerating.”

It’s been nearly a century since Edwin Hubble first clocked the speeds of distant galaxies and showed that space – but not the stuff in it – is getting larger at a measurable rate. The process was initiated by the Big Bang, the explosive event that gave rise to the universe.

In 1998 astronomers announced a second startling discovery. By measuring the motion of still more distant galaxies, they found that the expansion of the universe has been speeding up. The term “dark energy” was coined to put a label on the effect, but understanding exactly what dark energy is has proved far more challenging.

“It’s arguably one of the biggest mysteries we have in physics,” Dr. Percival said.

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Will Percival, an astrophysicist at the University of Waterloo, is the Canadian principal investigator for the European Space Agency’s Euclid mission. Behind him is a photo of the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, which is providing data on galaxies in support of the mission to understand the nature of dark energy.Gabriela Secara/Perimeter Institute/Handout

Theorists have speculated about the nature of dark energy and what it means for the fate of the universe. It could be that it is simply an innate kind of energy that is embedded in the vacuum of space. Hence, as the universe grows, the total amount of dark energy grows with it, exerting an outward pressure that continues to strengthen until the end of time.

In such a scenario all of the hundreds of billions of galaxies that we can see in the universe today will eventually be pushed away so rapidly that they outpace the ability of light to cross the growing gap and vanish from our sight. Each galaxy will then become an isolated island, with its stars gradually burning out like embers in the midst of an eternally deepening darkness.

As dismal as that may seem, this is the scenario that best fits what astronomers have observed thus far. But there is also a chance that a more precise reading of the phenomenon would show that dark energy is changing over time, and may even shut off at some point in the future.

To accurately measure how much space has stretched over cosmic time one needs a measuring stick. Enter Euclid – a mission aptly named after the famous geometer of antiquity.

“If you want to observe the cosmos as a whole, then you need to take a big survey,” said Giuseppe Racca, the European Space Agency’s project manager for Euclid during a media briefing last week.

The mission is designed with the big picture in mind. Over the course of its six-year mission, Euclid is expected to take in about 36 per cent of the surrounding sky as seen from our solar system to a depth of some 10 billion light years.


Euclid’s quest

A European mission with partners in Canada and elsewhere is

set to measure the expansion of the universe across cosmic

time in hopes of better understanding dark energy –

a phenomenon that has caused the expansion to accelerate.

EUCLID SPACE TELESCOPE

Euclid: Will launch

to orbit around

sun-earth Lagrange

point L2

Lagrange point L2:

Equilibrium point

of sun-earth system

is located 1.5 million

kilometres from

earth in opposite

direction of sun

Sunshield:

Blocks light

from sun,

earth and

moon

MOON

384,000 km

from earth

L2 is locked

in perfect unison

with earth’s

orbit around sun

EARTH

150 million km

from sun

Euclid’s orbit has

diameter of about

1 million km

around L2

Star trackers

graphic news, Sources: Euclid Consortium;

European Space Agency; Space.com

Euclid’s quest

A European mission with partners in Canada and elsewhere

is set to measure the expansion of the universe across

cosmic time in hopes of better understanding dark energy –

a phenomenon that has caused the expansion to accelerate.

Lagrange point L2:

Equilibrium point

of sun-earth system

is located 1.5 million

kilometres from

earth in opposite

direction of sun

EUCLID SPACE TELESCOPE

Euclid: Will launch

to orbit around

sun-earth Lagrange

point L2

Sunshield:

Blocks light

from sun,

earth and

moon

MOON

384,000 km

from earth

L2 is locked

in perfect unison

with earth’s

orbit around sun

EARTH

150 million km

from sun

Euclid’s orbit has

diameter of about

1 million km

around L2

Star trackers

graphic news, Sources: Euclid Consortium;

European Space Agency; Space.com

Euclid’s quest

A European mission with partners in Canada and elsewhere is set to measure the expansion

of the universe across cosmic time in hopes of better understanding dark energy – a phenomenon

that has caused the expansion to accelerate.

EUCLID SPACE

TELESCOPE

Euclid: Will launch to orbit around

sun-earth Lagrange point L2

1.2 m Korsch telescope:

Operates in visible and

near-infrared wavelengths

Sunshield:

Blocks light

from sun,

earth and

moon

Lagrange point L2:

Equilibrium point

of sun-earth system

is located 1.5 million

kilometres from

earth in opposite

direction of sun

MOON

384,000 km

from earth

L2 is locked

in perfect unison

with earth’s

orbit around sun

EARTH

150 million km from sun

Euclid’s orbit has

diameter of about

1 million km around L2

Star trackers

graphic news, Sources: Euclid Consortium; European Space Agency; Space.com

The depth is crucial, because Euclid is not only looking across space but back in time. And as it measures the expansion of the universe at different epochs it will cover the time period when dark energy became dominant.

To achieve this, Euclid is equipped with two instruments. One is a camera that will record the shapes of distant galaxies. This is important because galaxies appear slightly warped when their incoming light is distorted by clumps of dark matter located along the line of sight. (The nature of dark matter is another big cosmic mystery, but in this case it serves as a tool to show mass is distributed in the universe.)

Euclid’s second instrument is an infrared spectrometer and photometer that can be used to measure the motions of receding galaxies.

When combined, data from both instruments will provide a three dimensional map that shows how the expansion of the universe has changed over cosmic time.

To get a better sense of whether dark energy is constant or changing, astronomers will also need to refer to data taken over many years by ground based observatories, including the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope on Mauna Kea. It’s these data that have allowed Canada entry into the mission, with several participating researchers at Waterloo, the University of British Columbia and other centres.

Juna Kollmeier, director of the Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics at the University of Toronto, who is not a team member, said that Euclid has the potential to advance the study of dark energy, “not only more precisely, but perhaps in a qualitatively new way.”

That would be a welcome outcome for Dr. Percival, who said he is looking forward to digging into Euclid’s expected trove of data after 10 years of preparing for the mission.

“That’s why I stuck with it,” Dr. Percival said. “It’s taking that step forward into the unknown.”

 

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The body of a Ugandan Olympic athlete who was set on fire by her partner is received by family

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NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) — The body of Ugandan Olympic athlete Rebecca Cheptegei — who died after being set on fire by her partner in Kenya — was received Friday by family and anti-femicide crusaders, ahead of her burial a day later.

Cheptegei’s family met with dozens of activists Friday who had marched to the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital’s morgue in the western city of Eldoret while chanting anti-femicide slogans.

She is the fourth female athlete to have been killed by her partner in Kenya in yet another case of gender-based violence in recent years.

Viola Cheptoo, the founder of Tirop Angels – an organization that was formed in honor of athlete Agnes Tirop, who was stabbed to death in 2021, said stakeholders need to ensure this is the last death of an athlete due to gender-based violence.

“We are here to say that enough is enough, we are tired of burying our sisters due to GBV,” she said.

It was a somber mood at the morgue as athletes and family members viewed Cheptegei’s body which sustained 80% of burns after she was doused with gasoline by her partner Dickson Ndiema. Ndiema sustained 30% burns on his body and later succumbed.

Ndiema and Cheptegei were said to have quarreled over a piece of land that the athlete bought in Kenya, according to a report filed by the local chief.

Cheptegei competed in the women’s marathon at the Paris Olympics less than a month before the attack. She finished in 44th place.

Cheptegei’s father, Joseph, said that the body will make a brief stop at their home in the Endebess area before proceeding to Bukwo in eastern Uganda for a night vigil and burial on Saturday.

“We are in the final part of giving my daughter the last respect,” a visibly distraught Joseph said.

He told reporters last week that Ndiema was stalking and threatening Cheptegei and the family had informed police.

Kenya’s high rates of violence against women have prompted marches by ordinary citizens in towns and cities this year.

Four in 10 women or an estimated 41% of dating or married Kenyan women have experienced physical or sexual violence perpetrated by their current or most recent partner, according to the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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The ancient jar smashed by a 4-year-old is back on display at an Israeli museum after repair

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TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — A rare Bronze-Era jar accidentally smashed by a 4-year-old visiting a museum was back on display Wednesday after restoration experts were able to carefully piece the artifact back together.

Last month, a family from northern Israel was visiting the museum when their youngest son tipped over the jar, which smashed into pieces.

Alex Geller, the boy’s father, said his son — the youngest of three — is exceptionally curious, and that the moment he heard the crash, “please let that not be my child” was the first thought that raced through his head.

The jar has been on display at the Hecht Museum in Haifa for 35 years. It was one of the only containers of its size and from that period still complete when it was discovered.

The Bronze Age jar is one of many artifacts exhibited out in the open, part of the Hecht Museum’s vision of letting visitors explore history without glass barriers, said Inbal Rivlin, the director of the museum, which is associated with Haifa University in northern Israel.

It was likely used to hold wine or oil, and dates back to between 2200 and 1500 B.C.

Rivlin and the museum decided to turn the moment, which captured international attention, into a teaching moment, inviting the Geller family back for a special visit and hands-on activity to illustrate the restoration process.

Rivlin added that the incident provided a welcome distraction from the ongoing war in Gaza. “Well, he’s just a kid. So I think that somehow it touches the heart of the people in Israel and around the world,“ said Rivlin.

Roee Shafir, a restoration expert at the museum, said the repairs would be fairly simple, as the pieces were from a single, complete jar. Archaeologists often face the more daunting task of sifting through piles of shards from multiple objects and trying to piece them together.

Experts used 3D technology, hi-resolution videos, and special glue to painstakingly reconstruct the large jar.

Less than two weeks after it broke, the jar went back on display at the museum. The gluing process left small hairline cracks, and a few pieces are missing, but the jar’s impressive size remains.

The only noticeable difference in the exhibit was a new sign reading “please don’t touch.”

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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B.C. sets up a panel on bear deaths, will review conservation officer training

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VICTORIA – The British Columbia government is partnering with a bear welfare group to reduce the number of bears being euthanized in the province.

Nicholas Scapillati, executive director of Grizzly Bear Foundation, said Monday that it comes after months-long discussions with the province on how to protect bears, with the goal to give the animals a “better and second chance at life in the wild.”

Scapillati said what’s exciting about the project is that the government is open to working with outside experts and the public.

“So, they’ll be working through Indigenous knowledge and scientific understanding, bringing in the latest techniques and training expertise from leading experts,” he said in an interview.

B.C. government data show conservation officers destroyed 603 black bears and 23 grizzly bears in 2023, while 154 black bears were killed by officers in the first six months of this year.

Scapillati said the group will publish a report with recommendations by next spring, while an independent oversight committee will be set up to review all bear encounters with conservation officers to provide advice to the government.

Environment Minister George Heyman said in a statement that they are looking for new ways to ensure conservation officers “have the trust of the communities they serve,” and the panel will make recommendations to enhance officer training and improve policies.

Lesley Fox, with the wildlife protection group The Fur-Bearers, said they’ve been calling for such a committee for decades.

“This move demonstrates the government is listening,” said Fox. “I suspect, because of the impending election, their listening skills are potentially a little sharper than they normally are.”

Fox said the partnership came from “a place of long frustration” as provincial conservation officers kill more than 500 black bears every year on average, and the public is “no longer tolerating this kind of approach.”

“I think that the conservation officer service and the B.C. government are aware they need to change, and certainly the public has been asking for it,” said Fox.

Fox said there’s a lot of optimism about the new partnership, but, as with any government, there will likely be a lot of red tape to get through.

“I think speed is going to be important, whether or not the committee has the ability to make change and make change relatively quickly without having to study an issue to death, ” said Fox.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 9, 2024.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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