Radio astronomers at the CHIME array in British Columbia have discovered the first Fast Radio Burst (FRB) that repeats on a reliable schedule. This should allow researchers to study this mysterious interstellar phenomenon in a way that has not previously been possible.
FRBs are unimaginably powerful radio pulses of millisecond duration that are caused billions of light-years away by some unknown high-energy process. While FRBs are detected on Earth as faint whispers (sometimes compared to a cellphone call from the moon), at their source they can represent as much energy expended in milliseconds as our sun gives off in 80 years.
Astrophysicists do not understand the high-energy process behind FRBs but they would certainly like to.
Unfortunately, previously discovered FRBs—back to the first one, identified 13 years ago—have either been single flashes of radio energy, or repetitive in an unfathomably random way—all of which makes them very hard to study.
Radio signal from a long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away
Another image of the CHIME radio telescope’s four 100-metre long, half cylinders, located in B.C.’s Okanagan.Chime
Enter the Fast Radio Burst (FRB), named “180916.J0158+65″—one of eight new repeating FRBs discovered by a team of radio astronomers at British Columbia’s Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME).
FRB 180916.J0158+65 is a unique discovery, in that it repeats at predictable intervals, according to a paper published online February 3, 2020, by the CHIME/FRB Collaboration of 72 scientists.
Between September 2018 and October 2019 the CHIME team found that FRB 180916.J0158+65 switched its energy bursts on for four days then switched them off for the next 12 days, for a total cycle of 16.35 days.
And though some cycles did not produce visible bursts, all of the visible bursts that were produced synced up exactly to the 16.35 day cadence.
“The discovery of a 16.35-day periodicity in a repeating FRB source is an important clue to the nature of this object”, explains the CHIME paper. It could, for example, be an indication of “orbital motion, with either a stellar or compact-object companion”.
“Stellar” equals a proper star, while “compact object” refers to a collapsed stellar remnant, such as a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole.
The CHIME paper explains that while a lower-mass black hole is a viable option, the involvement of a supermassive black hole companion (like the one thought to lurk at the centre of our Milky Way galaxy) is unlikely, given the source’s location in the outskirts of a massive spiral galaxy (SDSS J015800.28+654253.0).
Other scientific websites indicate that the location of FRB 180916.J0158+65 was pinpointed, with the help of the EVN, to a star-forming region of its host galaxy, roughly half-a-billion light years away from us. This makes it by far the nearest FRB yet identified.
Are some FRBs just unidentified pulsars?
The first-known FRB—the Lorimer Burst—was discovered by the astrophysicist and West Virginia University professor Duncan Lorimer and/or one of his undergraduate students, David Narkevic, in 2007, while they were looking through pulsar survey data.
Like FRBs, pulsars are also energy-emitting stellar objects. But pulsars are understood to be neutron stars that emit highly regular pulses of electromagnetic energy as they rotate (the conventional comparison is to lighthouses).
The amount, duration, and periodicity of energy emitted varies by pulsar but each pulsar is apparently predictably clock-like in its individual, repetitive operation.
At first glance, FRBs appear to be considered a completely separate phenomenon all their own. But when an FRB exhibits the attribute of regular periodicity, the possibility has to be entertained that it may just be a pulsar we haven’t gotten to know yet.
Before the CHIME paper gets too deep into the mathematics, it devotes a solid page to suggesting how FRB 180916.J0158+65 may be explained by various scenarios involving pulsars, including “black widow” binary systems, consisting of a low-mass star and a powerful millisecond pulsar, massive O/B stars with highly eccentric companion pulsars, and X-ray pulsars that function as magnetars—neutron stars with especially powerful magnetic fields.
This is all very interesting in a remote and “ivory tower” sort of way but it’s unconnected to everyday life, you may be thinking.
However, the many mysteries posed by FRBs appear to involve, as-yet unknown aspects of fundamental physics. This means that even tiny steps towards piecing together this far-off interstellar puzzle could lead to disproportionately big advances in practical fields, such as energy, computing, and transportation.
For example, the discovery of the quantum mechanical magnetoresistance effect, known as giant magnetoresistance (GMR), in 1988 underlies all magnetic hard-drive technology today. And a thorough understanding of quantum tunnelling (essential for nuclear fusion in stars) gave us the solid state memory technology that makes both flash drives and mobile computing possible.
TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — A rare Bronze-Era jar accidentally smashed by a 4-year-old visiting a museum was back on display Wednesday after restoration experts were able to carefully piece the artifact back together.
Last month, a family from northern Israel was visiting the museum when their youngest son tipped over the jar, which smashed into pieces.
Alex Geller, the boy’s father, said his son — the youngest of three — is exceptionally curious, and that the moment he heard the crash, “please let that not be my child” was the first thought that raced through his head.
The jar has been on display at the Hecht Museum in Haifa for 35 years. It was one of the only containers of its size and from that period still complete when it was discovered.
The Bronze Age jar is one of many artifacts exhibited out in the open, part of the Hecht Museum’s vision of letting visitors explore history without glass barriers, said Inbal Rivlin, the director of the museum, which is associated with Haifa University in northern Israel.
It was likely used to hold wine or oil, and dates back to between 2200 and 1500 B.C.
Rivlin and the museum decided to turn the moment, which captured international attention, into a teaching moment, inviting the Geller family back for a special visit and hands-on activity to illustrate the restoration process.
Rivlin added that the incident provided a welcome distraction from the ongoing war in Gaza. “Well, he’s just a kid. So I think that somehow it touches the heart of the people in Israel and around the world,“ said Rivlin.
Roee Shafir, a restoration expert at the museum, said the repairs would be fairly simple, as the pieces were from a single, complete jar. Archaeologists often face the more daunting task of sifting through piles of shards from multiple objects and trying to piece them together.
Experts used 3D technology, hi-resolution videos, and special glue to painstakingly reconstruct the large jar.
Less than two weeks after it broke, the jar went back on display at the museum. The gluing process left small hairline cracks, and a few pieces are missing, but the jar’s impressive size remains.
The only noticeable difference in the exhibit was a new sign reading “please don’t touch.”
VICTORIA – The British Columbia government is partnering with a bear welfare group to reduce the number of bears being euthanized in the province.
Nicholas Scapillati, executive director of Grizzly Bear Foundation, said Monday that it comes after months-long discussions with the province on how to protect bears, with the goal to give the animals a “better and second chance at life in the wild.”
Scapillati said what’s exciting about the project is that the government is open to working with outside experts and the public.
“So, they’ll be working through Indigenous knowledge and scientific understanding, bringing in the latest techniques and training expertise from leading experts,” he said in an interview.
B.C. government data show conservation officers destroyed 603 black bears and 23 grizzly bears in 2023, while 154 black bears were killed by officers in the first six months of this year.
Scapillati said the group will publish a report with recommendations by next spring, while an independent oversight committee will be set up to review all bear encounters with conservation officers to provide advice to the government.
Environment Minister George Heyman said in a statement that they are looking for new ways to ensure conservation officers “have the trust of the communities they serve,” and the panel will make recommendations to enhance officer training and improve policies.
Lesley Fox, with the wildlife protection group The Fur-Bearers, said they’ve been calling for such a committee for decades.
“This move demonstrates the government is listening,” said Fox. “I suspect, because of the impending election, their listening skills are potentially a little sharper than they normally are.”
Fox said the partnership came from “a place of long frustration” as provincial conservation officers kill more than 500 black bears every year on average, and the public is “no longer tolerating this kind of approach.”
“I think that the conservation officer service and the B.C. government are aware they need to change, and certainly the public has been asking for it,” said Fox.
Fox said there’s a lot of optimism about the new partnership, but, as with any government, there will likely be a lot of red tape to get through.
“I think speed is going to be important, whether or not the committee has the ability to make change and make change relatively quickly without having to study an issue to death, ” said Fox.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 9, 2024.
The European Space Agency is fast-tracking a new mission called Ramses, which will fly to near-Earth asteroid 99942 Apophis and join the space rock in 2029 when it comes very close to our planet — closer even than the region where geosynchronous satellites sit.
Ramses is short for Rapid Apophis Mission for Space Safety and, as its name suggests, is the next phase in humanity’s efforts to learn more about near-Earth asteroids (NEOs) and how we might deflect them should one ever be discovered on a collision course with planet Earth.
In order to launch in time to rendezvous with Apophis in February 2029, scientists at the European Space Agency have been given permission to start planning Ramses even before the multinational space agency officially adopts the mission. The sanctioning and appropriation of funding for the Ramses mission will hopefully take place at ESA’s Ministerial Council meeting (involving representatives from each of ESA’s member states) in November of 2025. To arrive at Apophis in February 2029, launch would have to take place in April 2028, the agency says.
This is a big deal because large asteroids don’t come this close to Earth very often. It is thus scientifically precious that, on April 13, 2029, Apophis will pass within 19,794 miles (31,860 kilometers) of Earth. For comparison, geosynchronous orbit is 22,236 miles (35,786 km) above Earth’s surface. Such close fly-bys by asteroids hundreds of meters across (Apophis is about 1,230 feet, or 375 meters, across) only occur on average once every 5,000 to 10,000 years. Miss this one, and we’ve got a long time to wait for the next.
When Apophis was discovered in 2004, it was for a short time the most dangerous asteroid known, being classified as having the potential to impact with Earth possibly in 2029, 2036, or 2068. Should an asteroid of its size strike Earth, it could gouge out a crater several kilometers across and devastate a country with shock waves, flash heating and earth tremors. If it crashed down in the ocean, it could send a towering tsunami to devastate coastlines in multiple countries.
Over time, as our knowledge of Apophis’ orbit became more refined, however, the risk of impact greatly went down. Radar observations of the asteroid in March of 2021 reduced the uncertainty in Apophis’ orbit from hundreds of kilometers to just a few kilometers, finally removing any lingering worries about an impact — at least for the next 100 years. (Beyond 100 years, asteroid orbits can become too unpredictable to plot with any accuracy, but there’s currently no suggestion that an impact will occur after 100 years.) So, Earth is expected to be perfectly safe in 2029 when Apophis comes through. Still, scientists want to see how Apophis responds by coming so close to Earth and entering our planet’s gravitational field.
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“There is still so much we have yet to learn about asteroids but, until now, we have had to travel deep into the solar system to study them and perform experiments ourselves to interact with their surface,” said Patrick Michel, who is the Director of Research at CNRS at Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur in Nice, France, in a statement. “Nature is bringing one to us and conducting the experiment itself. All we need to do is watch as Apophis is stretched and squeezed by strong tidal forces that may trigger landslides and other disturbances and reveal new material from beneath the surface.”
The Goldstone radar’s imagery of asteroid 99942 Apophis as it made its closest approach to Earth, in March 2021. (Image credit: NASA/JPL–Caltech/NSF/AUI/GBO)
By arriving at Apophis before the asteroid’s close encounter with Earth, and sticking with it throughout the flyby and beyond, Ramses will be in prime position to conduct before-and-after surveys to see how Apophis reacts to Earth. By looking for disturbances Earth’s gravitational tidal forces trigger on the asteroid’s surface, Ramses will be able to learn about Apophis’ internal structure, density, porosity and composition, all of which are characteristics that we would need to first understand before considering how best to deflect a similar asteroid were one ever found to be on a collision course with our world.
Besides assisting in protecting Earth, learning about Apophis will give scientists further insights into how similar asteroids formed in the early solar system, and, in the process, how planets (including Earth) formed out of the same material.
One way we already know Earth will affect Apophis is by changing its orbit. Currently, Apophis is categorized as an Aten-type asteroid, which is what we call the class of near-Earth objects that have a shorter orbit around the sun than Earth does. Apophis currently gets as far as 0.92 astronomical units (137.6 million km, or 85.5 million miles) from the sun. However, our planet will give Apophis a gravitational nudge that will enlarge its orbit to 1.1 astronomical units (164.6 million km, or 102 million miles), such that its orbital period becomes longer than Earth’s.
It will then be classed as an Apollo-type asteroid.
Ramses won’t be alone in tracking Apophis. NASA has repurposed their OSIRIS-REx mission, which returned a sample from another near-Earth asteroid, 101955 Bennu, in 2023. However, the spacecraft, renamed OSIRIS-APEX (Apophis Explorer), won’t arrive at the asteroid until April 23, 2029, ten days after the close encounter with Earth. OSIRIS-APEX will initially perform a flyby of Apophis at a distance of about 2,500 miles (4,000 km) from the object, then return in June that year to settle into orbit around Apophis for an 18-month mission.
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Furthermore, the European Space Agency still plans on launching its Hera spacecraft in October 2024 to follow-up on the DART mission to the double asteroid Didymos and Dimorphos. DART impacted the latter in a test of kinetic impactor capabilities for potentially changing a hazardous asteroid’s orbit around our planet. Hera will survey the binary asteroid system and observe the crater made by DART’s sacrifice to gain a better understanding of Dimorphos’ structure and composition post-impact, so that we can place the results in context.
The more near-Earth asteroids like Dimorphos and Apophis that we study, the greater that context becomes. Perhaps, one day, the understanding that we have gained from these missions will indeed save our planet.
