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How Do Telescopes Analyze Exoplanet Atmospheres?

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An exoplanet is any planet that exists beyond the boundaries of our solar system. While the first exoplanet was only discovered in 1992, scientists have now confirmed the existence of over 5,000 exoplanets. As telescopes have advanced, so has our ability to study these distant worlds. In recent years, technology has advanced to the point where we can now analyze the atmospheres of other worlds in unprecedented detail. Telescopes such as the James Webb Space Telescope have already done this, having found compounds such as water and carbon dioxide in the atmospheres of some exoplanets. How do telescopes analyze the atmospheres of planets that are so far away from us?

Spectroscopy and Composition

By analyzing the spectrum of light emitted by an object, scientists can determine the composition of that object. Image credit: NASA/ESA

To determine the composition of objects in space, scientists utilize spectroscopy. Spectroscopy is an area of science that uses the light emitted or reflected by an object to determine its composition. It does this by splitting beams of light into its constituent colors known as a spectrum. Within the spectrum of some objects, there are dark bands scattered throughout the spectrum, and it is these bands that tell scientists what an object is made of, yet what are these dark bands and how do they relate to composition? First, objects are composed of various elements that form the periodic table. An element is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons make up the central nucleus, while electrons orbit around the nucleus. Interestingly, electrons will orbit the nucleus at various energy levels depending on what element is being analyzed. Every element and compound has its own unique structure of electron energy levels. Furthermore, electrons can either jump to a higher energy level or fall to a lower energy level. This happens when an electron absorbs a particle of light called a photon. Once an electron absorbs a photon, it also absorbs its energy and jumps to a higher energy level. That electron will then re-emit that photon and fall to a lower energy level. The dark bands in a spectrum are where electrons are absorbing photons, and since every element and compound has its own unique configuration of electron energy levels, every element and compound will also have its own unique spectrum. By analyzing a spectrum and the dark bands within it, scientists can determine what elements and compounds are absorbing and emitting particles of light. In astronomy, spectroscopy is used extensively in studying the composition of stars, galaxies, nebulae, and planets.

Exoplanets, Light, and Spectroscopy

When an exoplanet passes in front of its star, light passes through its atmosphere. 

Spectroscopy can be used to analyze the composition of a planet’s atmosphere, even if that planet is located many light years away from us. However, planets do not generally emit their own light, and so how do scientists analyze the spectrum of a planet’s atmosphere? Analyzing an exoplanet’s atmosphere actually works in conjunction with detecting exoplanets through a method known as the transit method. The transit method is fairly simple, as all it does is look for any changes to the amount of light emitted by a star caused by a planet passing in front of the star. Think of it like placing your finger over a lightbulb. As you do so, your finger will block some of the light and cast a shadow. The transit method looks for starlight being blocked by a planet orbiting the star. However, since planets are tiny compared to their parent star, detecting exoplanets with the transit method requires extremely sensitive technology, and it has only really been utilized in the last two decades. Despite how new the transit method is, it is the most successful method for detecting exoplanets, and most of the confirmed exoplanets have been found using the transit method.

When a planet passes in front of a star, most of the light hitting the planet is blocked. However, if that planet has an atmosphere, some of the starlight will pass through the atmosphere, be absorbed by electrons, and re-emitted back into space. Scientists on Earth can then analyze the light that passed through the planet’s atmosphere, produce a spectrum, and analyze the composition of the atmosphere. Technology has only recently become advanced enough to study exoplanet atmospheres in detail, and telescopes such as James Webb have already begun detecting compounds such as water and carbon dioxide in the atmospheres of distant exoplanets.

Spectroscopy and Biosignatures

Spectral data taken by James Webb of the exoplanet WASP-96b, showing the presence of water in the planet’s atmosphere. Image credit: NASA/ESA

One of the more exciting prospects of studying exoplanet atmospheres is that telescopes can look for biosignatures. A biosignature is any form of evidence that likely has a biological origin. For example, the oxygen and methane in Earth’s atmosphere are almost entirely the result of living things, and so scientists hope to eventually analyze Earth-like worlds around other stars and look for the same biosignatures that show up on Earth. Current telescopes like James Webb may even have the ability to do this, and scientists are hoping that James Webb may be able to detect biosignatures on other worlds. Detecting alien life may be within reach in the not too distant future.

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The body of a Ugandan Olympic athlete who was set on fire by her partner is received by family

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NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) — The body of Ugandan Olympic athlete Rebecca Cheptegei — who died after being set on fire by her partner in Kenya — was received Friday by family and anti-femicide crusaders, ahead of her burial a day later.

Cheptegei’s family met with dozens of activists Friday who had marched to the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital’s morgue in the western city of Eldoret while chanting anti-femicide slogans.

She is the fourth female athlete to have been killed by her partner in Kenya in yet another case of gender-based violence in recent years.

Viola Cheptoo, the founder of Tirop Angels – an organization that was formed in honor of athlete Agnes Tirop, who was stabbed to death in 2021, said stakeholders need to ensure this is the last death of an athlete due to gender-based violence.

“We are here to say that enough is enough, we are tired of burying our sisters due to GBV,” she said.

It was a somber mood at the morgue as athletes and family members viewed Cheptegei’s body which sustained 80% of burns after she was doused with gasoline by her partner Dickson Ndiema. Ndiema sustained 30% burns on his body and later succumbed.

Ndiema and Cheptegei were said to have quarreled over a piece of land that the athlete bought in Kenya, according to a report filed by the local chief.

Cheptegei competed in the women’s marathon at the Paris Olympics less than a month before the attack. She finished in 44th place.

Cheptegei’s father, Joseph, said that the body will make a brief stop at their home in the Endebess area before proceeding to Bukwo in eastern Uganda for a night vigil and burial on Saturday.

“We are in the final part of giving my daughter the last respect,” a visibly distraught Joseph said.

He told reporters last week that Ndiema was stalking and threatening Cheptegei and the family had informed police.

Kenya’s high rates of violence against women have prompted marches by ordinary citizens in towns and cities this year.

Four in 10 women or an estimated 41% of dating or married Kenyan women have experienced physical or sexual violence perpetrated by their current or most recent partner, according to the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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The ancient jar smashed by a 4-year-old is back on display at an Israeli museum after repair

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TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — A rare Bronze-Era jar accidentally smashed by a 4-year-old visiting a museum was back on display Wednesday after restoration experts were able to carefully piece the artifact back together.

Last month, a family from northern Israel was visiting the museum when their youngest son tipped over the jar, which smashed into pieces.

Alex Geller, the boy’s father, said his son — the youngest of three — is exceptionally curious, and that the moment he heard the crash, “please let that not be my child” was the first thought that raced through his head.

The jar has been on display at the Hecht Museum in Haifa for 35 years. It was one of the only containers of its size and from that period still complete when it was discovered.

The Bronze Age jar is one of many artifacts exhibited out in the open, part of the Hecht Museum’s vision of letting visitors explore history without glass barriers, said Inbal Rivlin, the director of the museum, which is associated with Haifa University in northern Israel.

It was likely used to hold wine or oil, and dates back to between 2200 and 1500 B.C.

Rivlin and the museum decided to turn the moment, which captured international attention, into a teaching moment, inviting the Geller family back for a special visit and hands-on activity to illustrate the restoration process.

Rivlin added that the incident provided a welcome distraction from the ongoing war in Gaza. “Well, he’s just a kid. So I think that somehow it touches the heart of the people in Israel and around the world,“ said Rivlin.

Roee Shafir, a restoration expert at the museum, said the repairs would be fairly simple, as the pieces were from a single, complete jar. Archaeologists often face the more daunting task of sifting through piles of shards from multiple objects and trying to piece them together.

Experts used 3D technology, hi-resolution videos, and special glue to painstakingly reconstruct the large jar.

Less than two weeks after it broke, the jar went back on display at the museum. The gluing process left small hairline cracks, and a few pieces are missing, but the jar’s impressive size remains.

The only noticeable difference in the exhibit was a new sign reading “please don’t touch.”

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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B.C. sets up a panel on bear deaths, will review conservation officer training

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VICTORIA – The British Columbia government is partnering with a bear welfare group to reduce the number of bears being euthanized in the province.

Nicholas Scapillati, executive director of Grizzly Bear Foundation, said Monday that it comes after months-long discussions with the province on how to protect bears, with the goal to give the animals a “better and second chance at life in the wild.”

Scapillati said what’s exciting about the project is that the government is open to working with outside experts and the public.

“So, they’ll be working through Indigenous knowledge and scientific understanding, bringing in the latest techniques and training expertise from leading experts,” he said in an interview.

B.C. government data show conservation officers destroyed 603 black bears and 23 grizzly bears in 2023, while 154 black bears were killed by officers in the first six months of this year.

Scapillati said the group will publish a report with recommendations by next spring, while an independent oversight committee will be set up to review all bear encounters with conservation officers to provide advice to the government.

Environment Minister George Heyman said in a statement that they are looking for new ways to ensure conservation officers “have the trust of the communities they serve,” and the panel will make recommendations to enhance officer training and improve policies.

Lesley Fox, with the wildlife protection group The Fur-Bearers, said they’ve been calling for such a committee for decades.

“This move demonstrates the government is listening,” said Fox. “I suspect, because of the impending election, their listening skills are potentially a little sharper than they normally are.”

Fox said the partnership came from “a place of long frustration” as provincial conservation officers kill more than 500 black bears every year on average, and the public is “no longer tolerating this kind of approach.”

“I think that the conservation officer service and the B.C. government are aware they need to change, and certainly the public has been asking for it,” said Fox.

Fox said there’s a lot of optimism about the new partnership, but, as with any government, there will likely be a lot of red tape to get through.

“I think speed is going to be important, whether or not the committee has the ability to make change and make change relatively quickly without having to study an issue to death, ” said Fox.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 9, 2024.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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