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How do wildfires start in Canada: reader questions answered

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Wildfires have dominated conversations across Canada for the past few weeks.

Not only have fires burned thousands of forests and land but the smoke has created pollution across the country — and in the U.S. — forcing people to stay inside.

The fires have prompted evacuations and left behind life-altering destruction in some communities, and it is only June.

Due to the rapid growth of some fires and the need to react quickly, it has left some people wondering: how did we get here?

There are currently more than 440 fires burning in Canada as of Thursday, some of which officials say were started naturally while others are still under investigation.

Of the 5.4 million hectares burned so far this season, there are questions about what Canadians can do to prevent this year from being the worst fire season on record.

CTVNews.ca asked what questions you had about the wildfires. Topics ranged from how wildfires start to wanting to understand the process of investigating fires, and what happened to a beloved fire safety mascot.

HOW DO WILDFIRES START?

The origins of wildfires can be difficult to understand but one thing is certain: climate change is a factor.

The warming of the planet is not only contributing to drier and hotter weather but some research shows it can increase lightning strikes, Michael Flannigan, professor of wildland fire at Thompson Rivers University in British Columbia, said.

“The research suggests we will see more lightning in a warmer world. We don’t have enough really good data to say for sure that’s happening in Canada yet, but there are places in the world like Russia where the data is suggesting that is happening,” Flannigan told CTVNews.ca in a phone interview Wednesday.

Lightning is caused when warm air rises in the water cycle and liquid particles “bump into” ice particles, creating an electrical charge, Flannigan said.

Climate change is increasing the temperature of the Earth, which in turn raises warm air that then mixes with cool air, creating an “unstable” atmosphere, he said.

“Most of these (particles) are negatively charged, but some especially from the top of the thunderstorm — what we call the anvil — are positively charged,” he said. “And these are interesting because they often travel horizontally and then down to the Earth.”

Lightning typically hits tall things, whether it be a tree or a home. If it hits a tree in northern B.C., it will travel down to the ground, sometimes leaving the tree intact.

Fire investigator Jeff Henricks documenting a scene. (Contributed)

“The lightning goes down, and it smoulders and catches fire,” Flannigan said. “If it’s rainy or damp, it just smoulders for a while. If it’s hot, dry and windy, it can start spreading.”

What can sometimes happen in the vast Canadian landscape is the ground could smoulder for weeks going unnoticed, until it’s a substantial blaze.

Lightning rods used on homes can direct lightning away from forests but Flannigan says adding one to each building in the country would likely be too costly.

As of right now, Flannigan says lightning strikes cause about 50 per cent of all wildfires, while human behaviour is responsible for the other half, but the odds are likely to shift.

“There are research papers out there suggesting that we’ll see a doubling of lightning-caused fires in the future,” he said. “We’re seeing it already this year… perhaps this is a signal that the future is here a bit early.”

WHO CAN BE HELD ACCOUNTABLE FOR WILDFIRES?

According to Flannigan, key ways humans can start fires include ATVs (when the hot muffler connects with dry grass), railways, power lines and campfires.

To understand the origins of a wildfire, investigators are called in to trace the evidence left behind by flames, also referred to as “fire pattern indicators” or flame “scars,” to determine how and where a fire started.

“Obtaining as much information on the scene is very important to determining the origin of a wildfire,” Jeff Henricks, a former Alberta wildfire investigator now consultant, told CTVNews.ca in a phone interview on Thursday. “We will seek to obtain early photos of the fire, interview first responders or witnesses, and document what they saw.”

Henricks says this process can take several days depending on the size and complexity of a fire.

He often leaves a fire scene with his protective equipment completely covered in soot and ash, he says.

“Once we have determined an origin, we can then seek out the cause of the wildfire, and again, this can take considerable time as well,” Henricks said. “(For) example, if we found evidence in our ignition area of a metallic-like substance, we may need to submit that to a lab for analysis.”

If the investigation determines a person caused the wildfire, more research is needed to figure out who that person is. Henricks says each jurisdiction in Canada has different fines for starting a wildfire.

In Alberta, a person could face a $100,000 penalty or prison for two years, whereas Saskatchewan has a fine of up to $500,000, three years prison or both.

The entire process from investigating the cause of a fire to charging a person can take several years.

“Few wildfires are malicious in nature and many are a result of unfortunate circumstances,” he said.

WHAT MEASURES ARE GOVERNMENTS TAKING TO ADDRESS WILDFIRES?

Mitigating wildfire destruction on communities is something all governments across Canada are working on, efforts that are aided and overseen by Emergency Preparedness Minister Bill Blair.

“Although the primary response to these types of events rests with the provinces and territories, we are in continued contact with partners across Canada, (and) maintain a whole-of-government approach to supporting communities affected by wildfires,” Blair’s office told CTVNews.ca in an email.

According to the department, the federal government has provided funds for displaced Canadians, worked with international partners and created a fund to hire more firefighters in communities.

A spokesperson from the province of B.C. told CTVNews.ca in an email that the government has invested “significant” resources into the B.C. Wildfire Service and addressing climate change.

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau listens to Col. Marie-Christine Harvey explain the military operations battling wildfires, Wednesday, June 14, 2023 at CFB Bagotville in Saguenay, Que. (THE CANADIAN PRESS/Jacques Boissinot)

“Changes for the 2023 season include improvements for identification and suppression of wildfires, deployment of resources, and strengthened partner relations,” the email reads.

CTVNews.ca did not receive responses from Yukon, Northwest Territories, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia or New Brunswick.

Saskatchewan’s Public Safety Agency (SPSA) has created ties with rural communities, Indigenous leaders and municipalities to improve the emergency preparedness for wildfires, a spokesperson said.

“These plans assess risks, identify hazards and vulnerable areas/populations, prioritize efforts to address these risks and help with wildfire suppression efforts … workshops and training on topics such as emergency management, emergency plan development and emergency operations centres,” a spokesperson from SPSA told CTVNews.ca in an email.

A spokesperson for Alberta’s wildfire management branch said education programs and public engagement sessions are “key” to preventing wildfires.

“One of the most effective prevention programs Alberta Wildfire administers is FireSmart, an actionable framework designed to mitigate the risk and impact of large uncontrollable wildfires near homes, communities, and critical infrastructure,” the spokesperson said.

WHAT HAPPENED TO SMOKEY BEAR?

FireSmart is Canada’s equivalent to the U.S. Forest Service — better known as the organization that created Smokey Bear.

Smokey is a mascot from the ’50s with a message of fire prevention and safety that was soon adopted in Canada. But FireSmart Canada program manager Magda Zachara says Canadians have their own wildfire icon.

“Ember the Fox is a FireSmart Canada mascot, Smokey the Bear is not and never was,” she told CTVNews.ca in a phone interview on Wednesday.

The two mascots also have different messages, Zachara said.

“Smokey the Bear is very much tied entirely to prevent a wildfire,” she said. “And we as FireSmart are really focused on the mitigation and risk reduction message.”

Some provinces still use the mascot to this day but as FireSmart Canada’s presence grew so did Ember’s recognition.

“If you travel around the country you will still see Smokey being used in certain provinces, or other mascots. In fact, Alberta has their own mascot and Quebec has a totally different mascot,” Zachara said. “So there are numerous other mascots out there as far as wildfires (campaigns) are concerned.”

 

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Tensions, rhetoric abound as MPs return to House of Commons, spar over carbon price

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OTTAWA – Liberal House leader Karina Gould lambasted Conservative Leader Pierre Poilievre as a “fraudster” Monday morning after he said the federal carbon price is going to cause a “nuclear winter.”

Gould was speaking just before the House of Commons is set to reopen following the summer break. Monday is the first sitting since the end of an agreement that had the NDP insulate the Liberals from the possibility of a snap election, one the Conservatives are eager to trigger.

With the prospect of a confidence vote that could send Canadians to the polls, Bloc Québécois Leader Yves-François Blanchet cast doubt on how long MPs will be sitting in the House of Commons.

“We are playing chicken with four cars. Eventually, one will eat another one, and there will be a wreckage. So, I’m not certain that this session will last a very long time,” Blanchet told reporters on Monday.

On Sunday Poilievre said increasing the carbon price will cause a “nuclear winter,” painting a dystopian picture of people starving and freezing because they can’t afford food or heat due the carbon price.

He said the Liberals’ obsession with carbon pricing is “an existential threat to our economy and our way of life.”

The carbon price currently adds about 17.6 cents to every litre of gasoline, but that cost is offset by carbon rebates mailed to Canadians every three months.

The Parliamentary Budget Office provided analysis that showed eight in 10 households receive more from the rebates than they pay in carbon pricing, though the office also warned that long-term economic effects could harm jobs and wage growth.

Gould accused Poilievre of ignoring the rebates, and refusing to tell Canadians how he would make life more affordable while battling climate change.

“What I heard yesterday from Mr. Poilievre was so over the top, so irresponsible, so immature, and something that only a fraudster would do,” Gould said from Parliament Hill.

The Liberals have also accused the Conservatives of dismissing the expertise of more than 200 economists who wrote a letter earlier this year describing the carbon price as the least expensive, most efficient way to lower emissions.

Poilievre is pushing for the other opposition parties to vote the government down and trigger what he calls a “carbon tax election.”

Despite previously supporting the consumer carbon price, NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh has been distancing himself from the policy.

Singh wouldn’t say last week whether an NDP government would keep the consumer carbon price. On Monday, he told reporters Canadians were already “doing their part” to fight climate change, but that big polluters are getting a “free ride.”

He said the New Democrats will focus this fall on affordability issues like housing and grocery costs, arguing the Liberals and Conservatives are beholden to big business.

“Their governments have been in it for CEOs and big corporations,” he told reporters Monday on Parliament Hill.

Poilievre intends to bring a non-confidence motion against the government as early as this week but would likely need both the Bloc and NDP to support it. Neither have indicated an appetite for triggering an election.

Gould said she has no “crystal ball” over when or how often Poilievre might try to bring down the government.

“I know that the end of the supply and confidence agreement makes things a bit different, but really all it does is returns us to a normal minority parliament,” she said.

“That means that we will work case-by-case, legislation-by-legislation with whichever party wants to work with us,” she said, adding she’s already been in touch with colleagues in other parties to “make Parliament work for Canadians.”

The Liberals said at their caucus retreat last week that they would be sharpening their attacks on Poilievre this fall, seeking to reverse his months-long rise in the polls.

Freeland suggested she had no qualms with criticizing Poilievre’s rhetoric while having a colleague call him a fraudster.

She said Monday that the Liberals must “be really clear with Canadians about what the Conservative Party is saying, about what it is standing for — and about the veracity, or not, of the statements of the Conservative leader.”

Meanwhile, Gould insisted the government has listened to the concerns raised by Canadians, and received the message when the Liberals were defeated in a Toronto byelection in June, losing a seat the party had held since 1997.

“We certainly got the message from Toronto-St. Paul’s and have spent the summer reflecting on what that means and are coming back to Parliament, I think, very clearly focused on ensuring that Canadians are at the centre of everything that we do moving forward,” she said.

The Liberals are bracing, however, for the possibility of another blow Monday night, in a tight race to hold a Montreal seat in a byelection there. Voters in LaSalle—Émard—Verdun are casting ballots today to replace former justice minister David Lametti, who was removed from cabinet in 2023 and resigned as an MP in January.

The Conservatives and NDP are also in a tight race in Elmwood-Transcona, a Winnipeg seat that has mostly been held by the NDP over the last several decades.

There are several key bills making their way through the legislative process, including the online harms act and the NDP-endorsed pharmacare bill, which is currently in the Senate.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 16, 2024.



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B.C. commits to earlier, enhanced pensions for wildland firefighters

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VICTORIA – British Columbia Premier David Eby has announced his government has committed to earlier and enhanced pensions for wildland firefighters, saying the province owes them a “deep debt of gratitude” for their efforts in battling recent fire seasons.

Eby says in a statement the province and the BC General Employees’ Union have reached an agreement-in-principle to “enhance” pensions for firefighting personnel employed directly by the BC Wildfire Service.

It says the change will give wildland firefighters provisions like those in other public-safety careers such as ambulance paramedics and corrections workers.

The statement says wildfire personnel could receive their earliest pensions up to five years before regular members of the public service pension plan.

The province and the union are aiming to finalize the agreement early next year with changes taking effect in 2026, and while eligibility requirements are yet to be confirmed, the statement says the “majority” of workers at the BC Wildfire Service would qualify.

Union president Paul Finch says wildfire fighters “take immense risks and deserve fair compensation,” and the pension announcement marks a “major victory.”

“This change will help retain a stable, experienced workforce, ready to protect our communities when we need them most,” Finch says in the statement.

About 1,300 firefighters were employed directly by the wildfire service this year. B.C. has increased the service’s permanent full-time staff by 55 per cent since 2022.

About 350 firefighting personnel continue to battle more than 200 active blazes across the province, with 60 per cent of them now classified as under control.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 16, 2024.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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AtkinsRéalis signs deal to help modernize U.K. rail signalling system

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MONTREAL – AtkinsRéalis Group Inc. says it has signed a deal with U.K. rail infrastructure owner Network Rail to help upgrade and digitize its signalling over the next 10 years.

Network Rail has launched a four-billlion pound program to upgrade signalling across its network over the coming decade.

The company says the modernization will bring greater reliability across the country through a mixture of traditional signalling and digital control.

AtkinsRéalis says it has secured two of the eight contracts awarded.

The Canadian company formerly known as SNC-Lavalin will work independently on conventional signalling contract.

AtkinsRéalis will also partner with Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles, S.A.(CAF) in a new joint venture on a digital signalling contract.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 16, 2024.

Companies in this story: (TSX:ATRL)

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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