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In-space manufacturing: one giant leap for robotkind – Aerospace Manufacturing

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In-space manufacturing: one giant leap for robotkind – Aerospace Manufacturing

In recent years, in-space manufacturing has moved from the realm of sci-fi to become a reality. The microgravity conditions and near perfect vacuum in outer space have made it possible to produce materials and components with properties that simply can’t be replicated on Earth. But how practical is in-space manufacturing and what could it achieve?

The commercialisation of space has inspired research scientists to find out more about what can be produced in this unique but challenging environment. Not only is it becoming easier to undertake experiments in space, thanks to growing use of in-space robotics and more satellite launches, but there is also increased demand for satellite repair and maintenance, and life extension services. To illustrate the speed at which space is being commercialised, SpaceX launched 172 Starlink satellites in May 2021, bringing their constellation to over 1,600, and OneWeb, which is part owned by the UK Government, has recently launched a further 14 satellites, taking their total number to more than 300.

One of the fastest-growing areas of application for in-space robotics is to maintain in-orbit satellites, including geostationary satellites, particularly those that have been in orbit for decades and are nearing the end of their life. The microgravity and vacuum conditions that exist in space make manufacturing processes easier to control. In addition, the ability to capture solar radiation and transform it into directional, thermal energy has facilitated the production of advanced materials, such as ultra-strong glasses and ceramics.

Earlier this year, CeramTec Group successfully produced ceramic sample containers on board the International Space Station (ISS). These containers, which are made from silicon nitride, are being used in experiments to increase our understanding of transition processes, atomic structures and material properties. NASA is also attempting to demonstrate 3D printing technology in space using regolith simulating feedstock material, in other words, using simulated lunar soil.  In the future, this could allow colonists on the moon or Mars to produce some of their own habitats and reduce the need to take large volumes of construction materials into space.

Despite the benefits of in-space manufacturing, the conditions pose a number of specific challenges. Processes and equipment are likely to be exposed to high levels of radiation, and they must be able to withstand exposure to solar flares. They may also be exposed to extreme temperatures, both cold and hot. Once in orbit, it can be challenging to control systems and process machinery in real time from Earth, and such systems are not easy to repair or replace. While satellite launches are more frequent, the upfront costs required to get components and materials into space remain significant.

Undeterred by these challenges, global space innovators are developing some exciting technologies at pace, which promise to raise the bar for in-space robotics and additive manufacturing. Made in Space Inc. has a number of granted patents aimed at manufacturing in space including a European patent (EP3027389B1), granted on 27 January 2021, which is aimed at 3D printing in microgravity.

Based in California, Space Systems Loral (SSL) has a granted US patent (US11014303B1) for a means of in-orbit additive manufacturing in near vacuum and near zero-gravity conditions. This technology employs a robotic servicing vehicle capable of repairing or updating orbiting spacecraft. Usually where non-generic parts are required, these have to be delivered into orbit by means of a rocket launch. The aim of this patent is to provide a robotic fabrication service to produce parts in orbit. At the same time the system is able to control volatile organic compounds, which may be formed as a gaseous by-product of the 3D printing process, preventing them from contaminating sensitive equipment.

Attempting to solve the problem of mounting space debris, Chinese company, Origin Space, launched a robotic platform into the earth’s low orbit earlier this year in order to trial an innovative space cleaning technique. The 30kg NEO-01 robot uses a large net to capture debris, such as paint flecks, nuts, bolts, tools and rocket parts, before burning it using an electric propulsion system. In another example of innovation in this area, the state-owned China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology has been granted a Chinese patent (CN106541142B) for an innovative 3D printing system, which can be used to help clean space. 

UK-based start-up, Space Forge, is developing fully returnable satellites that are designed for manufacturing next generation super materials in space. In creating a reliable return, Space Forge is aiming to advance the expansion of the microgravity market for premium research and development applications by lowering barriers to entry.

Commenting on the commercial opportunity presented by in-space manufacturing, Joshua Western, CEO and co-founder of Space Forge, said: “There are huge opportunities for in-space manufacture enabling us to make space work for humanity, but currently key barriers exist – namely no dedicated platform and no soft return. The key to commercial in-space manufacture is accurate, manageable return.”

From an intellectual property perspective, the pace of global space innovation in our quest to commercialise and increase understanding about what can be achieved in space, means early-stage patent protection is vital. As the market matures, those that can demonstrate a product or process that is more resilient than that of their competitors and brings significant cost and operational benefits, could secure a position of market dominance. As well as helping to attract funding for growth, patent protection could potentially open the door to revenue-generating opportunities, such as licensing agreements.

Fuelled by growing use of in-space robotics and AI-enabled systems, the surge of interest in in-space manufacturing is only just beginning and no one knows how many discoveries lie ahead. Instead of using the mantra ‘the world’s your oyster’ perhaps we should rephrase it as ‘in-space innovation is your oyster’.

Michael Jaeger is a partner and patent attorney at European intellectual property firm, Withers & Rogers. A member of the firm’s Electronics, Computing and Physics Group, Michael has specialist experience of advising innovative businesses about how to protect their IP in the global space sector.

www.withersrogers.com

Michael Jaeger, a partner and patent attorney in the Electronics, Computing and Physics group at European intellectual property firm, Withers & Rogers looks at what a commercial approach to innovation could mean for the space sector.

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The body of a Ugandan Olympic athlete who was set on fire by her partner is received by family

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NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) — The body of Ugandan Olympic athlete Rebecca Cheptegei — who died after being set on fire by her partner in Kenya — was received Friday by family and anti-femicide crusaders, ahead of her burial a day later.

Cheptegei’s family met with dozens of activists Friday who had marched to the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital’s morgue in the western city of Eldoret while chanting anti-femicide slogans.

She is the fourth female athlete to have been killed by her partner in Kenya in yet another case of gender-based violence in recent years.

Viola Cheptoo, the founder of Tirop Angels – an organization that was formed in honor of athlete Agnes Tirop, who was stabbed to death in 2021, said stakeholders need to ensure this is the last death of an athlete due to gender-based violence.

“We are here to say that enough is enough, we are tired of burying our sisters due to GBV,” she said.

It was a somber mood at the morgue as athletes and family members viewed Cheptegei’s body which sustained 80% of burns after she was doused with gasoline by her partner Dickson Ndiema. Ndiema sustained 30% burns on his body and later succumbed.

Ndiema and Cheptegei were said to have quarreled over a piece of land that the athlete bought in Kenya, according to a report filed by the local chief.

Cheptegei competed in the women’s marathon at the Paris Olympics less than a month before the attack. She finished in 44th place.

Cheptegei’s father, Joseph, said that the body will make a brief stop at their home in the Endebess area before proceeding to Bukwo in eastern Uganda for a night vigil and burial on Saturday.

“We are in the final part of giving my daughter the last respect,” a visibly distraught Joseph said.

He told reporters last week that Ndiema was stalking and threatening Cheptegei and the family had informed police.

Kenya’s high rates of violence against women have prompted marches by ordinary citizens in towns and cities this year.

Four in 10 women or an estimated 41% of dating or married Kenyan women have experienced physical or sexual violence perpetrated by their current or most recent partner, according to the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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The ancient jar smashed by a 4-year-old is back on display at an Israeli museum after repair

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TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — A rare Bronze-Era jar accidentally smashed by a 4-year-old visiting a museum was back on display Wednesday after restoration experts were able to carefully piece the artifact back together.

Last month, a family from northern Israel was visiting the museum when their youngest son tipped over the jar, which smashed into pieces.

Alex Geller, the boy’s father, said his son — the youngest of three — is exceptionally curious, and that the moment he heard the crash, “please let that not be my child” was the first thought that raced through his head.

The jar has been on display at the Hecht Museum in Haifa for 35 years. It was one of the only containers of its size and from that period still complete when it was discovered.

The Bronze Age jar is one of many artifacts exhibited out in the open, part of the Hecht Museum’s vision of letting visitors explore history without glass barriers, said Inbal Rivlin, the director of the museum, which is associated with Haifa University in northern Israel.

It was likely used to hold wine or oil, and dates back to between 2200 and 1500 B.C.

Rivlin and the museum decided to turn the moment, which captured international attention, into a teaching moment, inviting the Geller family back for a special visit and hands-on activity to illustrate the restoration process.

Rivlin added that the incident provided a welcome distraction from the ongoing war in Gaza. “Well, he’s just a kid. So I think that somehow it touches the heart of the people in Israel and around the world,“ said Rivlin.

Roee Shafir, a restoration expert at the museum, said the repairs would be fairly simple, as the pieces were from a single, complete jar. Archaeologists often face the more daunting task of sifting through piles of shards from multiple objects and trying to piece them together.

Experts used 3D technology, hi-resolution videos, and special glue to painstakingly reconstruct the large jar.

Less than two weeks after it broke, the jar went back on display at the museum. The gluing process left small hairline cracks, and a few pieces are missing, but the jar’s impressive size remains.

The only noticeable difference in the exhibit was a new sign reading “please don’t touch.”

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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B.C. sets up a panel on bear deaths, will review conservation officer training

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VICTORIA – The British Columbia government is partnering with a bear welfare group to reduce the number of bears being euthanized in the province.

Nicholas Scapillati, executive director of Grizzly Bear Foundation, said Monday that it comes after months-long discussions with the province on how to protect bears, with the goal to give the animals a “better and second chance at life in the wild.”

Scapillati said what’s exciting about the project is that the government is open to working with outside experts and the public.

“So, they’ll be working through Indigenous knowledge and scientific understanding, bringing in the latest techniques and training expertise from leading experts,” he said in an interview.

B.C. government data show conservation officers destroyed 603 black bears and 23 grizzly bears in 2023, while 154 black bears were killed by officers in the first six months of this year.

Scapillati said the group will publish a report with recommendations by next spring, while an independent oversight committee will be set up to review all bear encounters with conservation officers to provide advice to the government.

Environment Minister George Heyman said in a statement that they are looking for new ways to ensure conservation officers “have the trust of the communities they serve,” and the panel will make recommendations to enhance officer training and improve policies.

Lesley Fox, with the wildlife protection group The Fur-Bearers, said they’ve been calling for such a committee for decades.

“This move demonstrates the government is listening,” said Fox. “I suspect, because of the impending election, their listening skills are potentially a little sharper than they normally are.”

Fox said the partnership came from “a place of long frustration” as provincial conservation officers kill more than 500 black bears every year on average, and the public is “no longer tolerating this kind of approach.”

“I think that the conservation officer service and the B.C. government are aware they need to change, and certainly the public has been asking for it,” said Fox.

Fox said there’s a lot of optimism about the new partnership, but, as with any government, there will likely be a lot of red tape to get through.

“I think speed is going to be important, whether or not the committee has the ability to make change and make change relatively quickly without having to study an issue to death, ” said Fox.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 9, 2024.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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