Intersectionality: Understanding Overlapping Identities and Discrimination | Canada News Media
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Intersectionality: Understanding Overlapping Identities and Discrimination

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Discrimination in Canada

Intersectionality is a concept developed by legal scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989 to address how different forms of discrimination and inequality—such as those based on race, gender, class, sexual orientation, and disability—overlap and interact. It emphasizes that individuals experience discrimination not as isolated instances of oppression but as interconnected experiences of marginalization that shape their overall life chances.

For example, a Black woman might experience sexism differently from a white woman because her race and gender intersect, leading to unique forms of discrimination that cannot be fully understood by examining race or gender alone. Intersectionality seeks to explain how these overlapping identities compound disadvantages in society, law, and policy, necessitating an analysis that considers multiple forms of discrimination simultaneously.

The concept of intersectionality has gained recognition in Canadian human rights and legal discourse, influencing the development of policies and legal decisions aimed at combating systemic discrimination. As part of this evolution, Canada’s legal framework has begun to reflect the importance of addressing how multiple grounds of discrimination—such as race, gender, and class—intersect and reinforce one another.

One such example is the Supreme Court of Canada’s adoption of the principle of substantive equality, which contrasts with formal equality. While formal equality emphasizes treating everyone the same under the law, substantive equality seeks to address the different outcomes that people face due to systemic barriers, including intersecting forms of discrimination.

The Supreme Court has also recognized that equality under the law must be interpreted in a way that accounts for the historical, social, and economic disadvantages faced by certain groups. In Eldridge v. British Columbia (Attorney General), the Court emphasized that equality is not about identical treatment but about equal outcomes, particularly for marginalized groups who have experienced long-standing oppression. Substantive equality is closely aligned with intersectionality in its recognition that addressing systemic inequality requires a nuanced understanding of the lived experiences of individuals who face multiple and overlapping forms of discrimination.

Within Canada’s immigration policies, the experiences of migrant workers often reflect the compounded effects of race, class, and gender-based discrimination. The Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP) and caregiver streams are notable examples of how systemic discrimination manifests at the intersection of these identities.

Migrant workers in these programs frequently encounter conditions that result from both their gender and racialized status. For instance, female migrant caregivers often experience downward mobility due to the lack of recognition of their foreign qualifications, as well as limited access to education and employment opportunities in Canada. This downward mobility is further exacerbated by gendered expectations that confine them to lower-waged, caregiving roles. Male agricultural workers from the global South face systemic exploitation, reinforced by racialized assumptions about their suitability for physically demanding, seasonal work.

These examples illustrate that the systemic discrimination within Canada’s immigration system is not confined to any single identity marker. Rather, it is shaped by the intersection of race, gender, class, and migration status, creating unique challenges that require policy responses attentive to these overlapping identities.

The intersectional framework highlights the necessity of addressing systemic discrimination with a more nuanced and multifaceted approach. By understanding that discrimination is not experienced in silos but rather at the intersections of various identities, Canada’s legal and policy frameworks can better address the unique challenges faced by marginalized groups, including racialized and gendered migrant workers. Substantive equality, as embraced by the Supreme Court, serves as a key principle in moving toward this more inclusive and effective approach to combating discrimination and fostering equity in Canadian society.

In sum, the recognition of intersectionality within Canada’s legal and policy frameworks represents an important step toward addressing systemic discrimination. However, much work remains to be done to ensure that these principles translate into meaningful change for all marginalized communities, including migrant workers, who continue to face compounded forms of disadvantage.

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B.C. Conservatives promise to end stumpage fees, review fire management if elected

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VANDERHOOF, B.C. – British Columbia Conservatives are promising changes they say will bring more stability to the province’s struggling forest industry.

Leader John Rustad announced his plan for the sector a week before the official launch of the provincial election campaign, saying a Conservative government would do away with stumpage fees paid when timber is harvested and instead put a tax on the final products that are produced.

Rustad said Saturday that under a provincial Conservative government, a small fee may be charged upfront, but the bulk would come at the end of the process, depending on what type of product is created.

He also promised to review how wildfires are managed, as well as streamline the permit process and review what he calls the province’s “uncompetitive cost structure.”

“British Columbia is by far the highest cost producers of any jurisdiction in North America. We need to be able to drive down those costs, so that our forest sector can actually be able to do the reinvestment, to be able to create the jobs and make sure that they’re still there to be able to support our communities,” he said.

The governing New Democrats meanwhile, say eliminating stumpage fees would inflame the softwood lumber dispute with the United States and hurt forestry workers.

In a statement issued by the NDP, Andrew Mercier, the party’s candidate in Langley-Willowbrook, said Rustad failed to support the industry when he was in government under the former BC Liberals.

“Not only will Rustad’s old thinking and recycled ideas fail to deliver, his proposal to eliminate stumpage would inflame the softwood lumber dispute — punishing forestry workers and communities,” Mercier said, accusing Rustad of ignoring the complexity of the challenges facing the industry.

The softwood lumber dispute between the U.S. and Canada stretches back decades. In August, the U.S. Department of Commerce nearly doubled duties on softwood lumber.

International Trade Minister Mary Ng has said Canada has taken steps to launch two legal challenges under the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement.

Rustad said a provincial Conservative government would push hard to get a deal with the United States over the ongoing dispute “whether it’s with the rest of Canada or by itself.”

He said his party’s proposed changes are in the name of bringing “stability” and “hope” to the industry that has seen multiple closures of mills in rural communities over the last several years.

Most recently, Canfor Corp. decided to shutter two northern British Columbia sawmills earlier this month, leaving hundreds of workers unemployed by the end of the year.

According to the United Steelworkers union, Canfor has closed 10 mills in the province since November 2011, including nine in northern B.C.

Jeff Bromley, chair of the United Steelworkers wood council, said Saturday the idea of changes in favour of taxing the final product has been floated in the past.

He said the finer details of the Conservative plan will be important, but that the system needs to be improved and “new ideas are certainly something I’d be willing to entertain.”

“Something needs to happen, or the industry is just going to bleed and wither away and be a shadow of its former self,” Bromley said.

“Politics aside, if (Rustad) can come up with a policy that enables my members to work, then I would be supportive of that. But then I’m supportive of any government that would come up with policies and fibre for our mills to run. Period.”

When Canfor announced its latest closures, Forests Minister Bruce Ralston said the sector was a “foundational part” of the province and the current NDP government would work to support both local jobs and wood manufacturing operations.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 14, 2024

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Christian McCaffrey is placed on injured reserve for the 49ers and will miss at least 4 more games

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SANTA CLARA, Calif. (AP) — The San Francisco 49ers placed All-Pro running back Christian McCaffrey on injured reserve because of his lingering calf and Achilles tendon injuries.

The move made Saturday means McCaffrey will miss at least four more games after already sitting out the season opener. He is eligible to return for a Thursday night game in Seattle on Oct. 10.

McCaffrey got hurt early in training camp and missed four weeks of practice before returning to the field on a limited basis last week. He was a late scratch for the opener on Monday night against the Jets and now is sidelined again after experiencing pain following practice on Thursday.

McCaffrey led the NFL last season with 2,023 yards from scrimmage and was tied for the league lead with 21 touchdowns, winning AP Offensive Player of the Year.

The Niners made up for McCaffrey’s absence thanks to a strong performance from backup Jordan Mason, who had 28 carries for 147 yards and a touchdown in San Francisco’s 32-19 victory over the New York Jets. Mason is set to start again Sunday at Minnesota.

After missing 23 games because of injuries in his final two full seasons with Carolina, McCaffrey had been healthy the past two seasons.

He missed only one game combined in 2022-23 — a meaningless Week 18 game last season for San Francisco when he had a sore calf. His 798 combined touches from scrimmage in the regular season and playoffs were the third most for any player in a two-year span in the past 10 years.

Now San Francisco will likely rely heavily on Mason, a former undrafted free agent out of Georgia Tech who had 83 carries his first two seasons. He had at least 10 touches just twice before the season opener, when his 28 carries were the most by a 49ers player in a regular-season game since Frank Gore had 31 against Seattle on Oct. 30, 2011.

The Niners also have fourth-round rookie Isaac Guerendo and Patrick Taylor Jr. on the active roster. Guerendo played three offensive snaps with no touches in the opener. Taylor had 65 carries for Green Bay from 2021-23.

San Francisco also elevated safety Tracy Walker III from the practice squad for Sunday’s game against Minnesota.

___

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Canada’s Newman, Arop secure third-place finishes at Diamond League track event

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BRUSSELS – Canada walked away with some hardware at the Diamond League track and field competition Saturday.

Alysha Newman finished third in women’s pole vault, while Marco Arop did the same in the men’s 800-metre race.

Newman won a bronze medal in her event at the recent Paris Olympics. Arop grabbed silver at the same distance in France last month.

Australia’s Nina Kennedy, who captured gold at the Summer Games, again finished atop the podium. Sandi Morris of the United States was second.

Newman set a national record when she secured Canada’s first-ever pole vault medal with a bronze at the Olympics with a height of 4.85 metres. The 30-year-old from London, Ont., cleared 4.80 metres in her second attempt Saturday, but was unable conquer 4.88 metres on three attempts.

Arop, a 25-year-old from Edmonton, finished the men’s 800 metres with a time of one minute 43.25 seconds. Olympic gold medallist Emmanuel Wanyonyi of Kenya was first with a time of 1:42.70.

Djamel Sedjati, edged out by Arop for silver in Paris last month, was second 1:42.87

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 14, 2024.

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