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Looking Ahead To 2021 And The Economic Impact Of Covid-19 – Forbes

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by Linda Yueh, Adjunct Professor of Economics, London Business School

With the rollout of vaccines for Covid-19 last week, the control of the pandemic has begun. The dramatic speed of the development of the vaccines will need to be matched by production and distribution. AstraZeneca has announced that its vaccine developed with the University of Oxford will make two billion doses which will help developing countries. It will take a considerable amount of time until mass vaccinations have occurred everywhere in the world, but governments are now in a better position to plan for the economic recovery.

There will be need for government spending to reduce the risk of permanent damage to the economy from the shock of this global pandemic, which has caused contractions in GDP that are unparalleled in modern history for most economies.

For developed and emerging economies, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates that national output will contract by nearly 6% in 2020, except for China which is forecast to grow. But the speed of recovery is vastly different. For developed economies, GDP is forecast to be a sizeable -4.7% before the pre-pandemic level in 2019. But for emerging economies, excluding China, the loss in output will be a staggering -8.1%.

Central bank policies are pointing to a prolonged recovery as well. The Federal Reserve has signalled that it will keep interest rates at rock bottom until at least the end of 2023. The European Central Bank has extended its pandemic emergency purchase programme until March 2022 while reinvesting its proceeds, i.e., continuing to inject cash, until at least the end of 2023. Both central banks are indicating they are supporting the economy with loose monetary policy for the next three years. It’s a reflection of the scale of economic damage from the pandemic.

Most countries will also need fiscal policies that boost growth to prevent the loss in output from becoming permanent. Some economies are fiscally constrained so they will have limited ability to borrow to spend, which captures some of the differences between the recovery trajectories between advanced economies and emerging economies. While developed economies face record low borrowing costs, a number of developing economies are in need of debt relief and have less capacity to use fiscal policy which will hamper their recoveries.

In terms of the recovery, the spending should be tailored to jobs. To prevent hysteresis, which is when an unemployment shock lowers growth potential, government spending will need to support jobs and try to prevent discouraged workers which in turn lowers the labour force participation in the economy. The extension of various furlough schemes in Europe into the next year or so as well as the new US stimulus package that is being debated in Congress are both aimed at this issue.

Keeping viable businesses, which are also employers, is another important aspect. For instance, the UK is planning to create a permanent new state-backed loan scheme for SMEs starting in January to replace the Covid-19 programme, which at £65 billion was a sizeable part of the government support.

For advanced economies, the recovery spending can also be designed to support longer-term growth aims (e.g., green growth) and address long-standing challenges (e.g., low productivity). The IMF has changed its emphasis during Covid-19 to encourage countries which can afford to do so to borrow to invest, shifting the emphasis from fiscal discipline to promoting economic growth that can take advantage of record low interest rates.

In their latest World Economic Outlook, the IMF estimated that during periods of high uncertainty such as a global pandemic, 1% of GDP spent on public infrastructure will generate 2.7% in GDP growth and raise employment by 1.2% after two years as well as boost private investment. That translates into between two to eight jobs for each million dollar invested in traditional infrastructure. But, if it is on green infrastructure, such as green electricity or R&D, there would be a bigger impact of five to 14 jobs created by every $1 million invested by the state. The lower capital stock and higher technological component of green investments could generate a larger effect than traditional infrastructure. But there is variation there as well. For instance, digital infrastructure could provide better access and faster broadband that supports remote working and greater e-commerce. Better transport links would help with hybrid working and online deliveries.

In short, creating jobs and boosting greener growth would focus the extraordinary amounts of government spending on both near-term needs and longer-term aims.

Additionally, if governments were to distinguish between current and capital spending, then bond investors can assess whether there will be a longer-term growth impact from the latter spending. Raising the growth rate of the economy relative to the increase in debt would help with the debt-to-GDP ratio typically used in debt sustainability analysis. It won’t be the final word on public finances, but the countries which have spent strategically may be assessed more favourably by creditors.

At the end of 2020, even though the upcoming winter months will be challenging, due to the speed of vaccine development, it is possible to look ahead and start planning more rigorously for the recovery phase.

Linda Yueh is Adjunct Professor of Economics at London Business School and the author of The Great Economists: How Their Ideas Can Help Us Today.

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Economy

B.C.’s debt and deficit forecast to rise as the provincial election nears

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VICTORIA – British Columbia is forecasting a record budget deficit and a rising debt of almost $129 billion less than two weeks before the start of a provincial election campaign where economic stability and future progress are expected to be major issues.

Finance Minister Katrine Conroy, who has announced her retirement and will not seek re-election in the Oct. 19 vote, said Tuesday her final budget update as minister predicts a deficit of $8.9 billion, up $1.1 billion from a forecast she made earlier this year.

Conroy said she acknowledges “challenges” facing B.C., including three consecutive deficit budgets, but expected improved economic growth where the province will start to “turn a corner.”

The $8.9 billion deficit forecast for 2024-2025 is followed by annual deficit projections of $6.7 billion and $6.1 billion in 2026-2027, Conroy said at a news conference outlining the government’s first quarterly financial update.

Conroy said lower corporate income tax and natural resource revenues and the increased cost of fighting wildfires have had some of the largest impacts on the budget.

“I want to acknowledge the economic uncertainties,” she said. “While global inflation is showing signs of easing and we’ve seen cuts to the Bank of Canada interest rates, we know that the challenges are not over.”

Conroy said wildfire response costs are expected to total $886 million this year, more than $650 million higher than originally forecast.

Corporate income tax revenue is forecast to be $638 million lower as a result of federal government updates and natural resource revenues are down $299 million due to lower prices for natural gas, lumber and electricity, she said.

Debt-servicing costs are also forecast to be $344 million higher due to the larger debt balance, the current interest rate and accelerated borrowing to ensure services and capital projects are maintained through the province’s election period, said Conroy.

B.C.’s economic growth is expected to strengthen over the next three years, but the timing of a return to a balanced budget will fall to another minister, said Conroy, who was addressing what likely would be her last news conference as Minister of Finance.

The election is expected to be called on Sept. 21, with the vote set for Oct. 19.

“While we are a strong province, people are facing challenges,” she said. “We have never shied away from taking those challenges head on, because we want to keep British Columbians secure and help them build good lives now and for the long term. With the investments we’re making and the actions we’re taking to support people and build a stronger economy, we’ve started to turn a corner.”

Premier David Eby said before the fiscal forecast was released Tuesday that the New Democrat government remains committed to providing services and supports for people in British Columbia and cuts are not on his agenda.

Eby said people have been hurt by high interest costs and the province is facing budget pressures connected to low resource prices, high wildfire costs and struggling global economies.

The premier said that now is not the time to reduce supports and services for people.

Last month’s year-end report for the 2023-2024 budget saw the province post a budget deficit of $5.035 billion, down from the previous forecast of $5.9 billion.

Eby said he expects government financial priorities to become a major issue during the upcoming election, with the NDP pledging to continue to fund services and the B.C. Conservatives looking to make cuts.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 10, 2024.

Note to readers: This is a corrected story. A previous version said the debt would be going up to more than $129 billion. In fact, it will be almost $129 billion.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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Mark Carney mum on carbon-tax advice, future in politics at Liberal retreat

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NANAIMO, B.C. – Former Bank of Canada governor Mark Carney says he’ll be advising the Liberal party to flip some the challenges posed by an increasingly divided and dangerous world into an economic opportunity for Canada.

But he won’t say what his specific advice will be on economic issues that are politically divisive in Canada, like the carbon tax.

He presented his vision for the Liberals’ economic policy at the party’s caucus retreat in Nanaimo, B.C. today, after he agreed to help the party prepare for the next election as chair of a Liberal task force on economic growth.

Carney has been touted as a possible leadership contender to replace Justin Trudeau, who has said he has tried to coax Carney into politics for years.

Carney says if the prime minister asks him to do something he will do it to the best of his ability, but won’t elaborate on whether the new adviser role could lead to him adding his name to a ballot in the next election.

Finance Minister Chrystia Freeland says she has been taking advice from Carney for years, and that his new position won’t infringe on her role.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 10, 2024.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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Nova Scotia bill would kick-start offshore wind industry without approval from Ottawa

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HALIFAX – The Nova Scotia government has introduced a bill that would kick-start the province’s offshore wind industry without federal approval.

Natural Resources Minister Tory Rushton says amendments within a new omnibus bill introduced today will help ensure Nova Scotia meets its goal of launching a first call for offshore wind bids next year.

The province wants to offer project licences by 2030 to develop a total of five gigawatts of power from offshore wind.

Rushton says normally the province would wait for the federal government to adopt legislation establishing a wind industry off Canada’s East Coast, but that process has been “progressing slowly.”

Federal legislation that would enable the development of offshore wind farms in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador has passed through the first and second reading in the Senate, and is currently under consideration in committee.

Rushton says the Nova Scotia bill mirrors the federal legislation and would prevent the province’s offshore wind industry from being held up in Ottawa.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 10, 2024.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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