TORONTO —
When Phil Warner, Jordyn Samuels and Umar Asghar hit the road working for ride-hailing and delivery apps, they quickly found their experiences differed from those of their white male counterparts.
Warner was called by a derogatory slur in a work messaging app and has noticed that couriers from racialized groups wait longer at kitchens for their food deliveries to be ready.
Samuels has won awards for driver of the month and driver of the year, but says her tips don’t compare to those her male counterparts brag about. And Asghar said he’s grown used to riders bringing up his Pakistani roots in ways that make him uncomfortable.
These experiences are not uncommon for those working in the gig economy — a growing industry centred around flexible but precarious work and popularized by companies including Uber, Lyft, SkipTheDishes, Fiverr, Airbnb and TaskRabbit.
Lower tips, worse ratings and a higher likelihood of harassment are all part of the job for women and Black, Indigenous or people of colour in the sector, say members of the industry and the experts who study it.
“What’s now called gig work is work that many racialized communities, women and folks who are dealing with racism in the labour market get pushed into more,” said Deena Ladd, the executive director of the Workers’ Action Centre, a Toronto-based advocacy organization.
Canada’s gig economy had upwards of 1.7 million workers in 2016, up 70 per cent from one million in 2005, according to Statistics Canada. Most of those jobs were held by women and immigrants.
The 2016 data shows 9.1 per cent of all female workers and 7.2 per cent of all male workers identified as gig workers. Almost 11 per cent of male immigrant workers who had been in Canada for less than five years were gig workers in 2016, compared with 6.1 per cent of male workers born in Canada.
Studies suggest women and racialized groups seek gig work because the jobs are flexible enough to accommodate raising children and getting started can be as straightforward as getting insurance, a background check and access to a bike or car. This makes gig work a prime option for new immigrants or people who recently lost their jobs.
Ladd worries COVID-19 will only exacerbate these patterns because financial losses, business closures and layoffs are making gig work more attractive to employers.
“We’re going to have millions of workers that will have no choice, and will be out there, competing for jobs, low wages, part-time hours, and will struggle to survive,” said Ladd.
Umar Asghar immigrated to Canada from Pakistan in 2016 and later signed up with Uber Eats on the advice of a friend, but has since worked for almost all the food delivery and ride-hailing apps in Toronto.
“Sometimes (riders) will dislike a driver who has a different cultural background and then they’ll bang the door,” Asghar said. “Sometimes they would give lower star ratings without any genuine reason or problem, but we have to focus on business.”
High ratings are important to gig workers because they often unlock incentives like a larger cut of the profit from each ride or discounts on gas and vehicle maintenance. If ratings slip below certain levels, drivers can be forced to look for work elsewhere.
A 2019 report from the University of Waterloo showed women also face harassment on the job.
Its authors found that female taxi and Uber drivers described unwanted sexual attention, including an incident where one was questioned about her dating life by a passenger who then intimidated her by saying he had a way to reach her through the app.
Another driver told researchers that “you just have to have 911 ready” because she has had passengers try to massage her neck and videotape her.
“It’s a dangerous job because they’re sitting there, they have their back to someone sitting behind them and they’re in a confined space away from other people, so they’re very vulnerable,” said Ellen MacEachen, a principal investigator for the report and professor and interim director of the School of Public Health and Health Systems at the University of Waterloo.
“If you’re Black and someone doesn’t want to have a Black driver, (the driver) could get rated lower.”
Samuels, a Black woman who runs an equity consultancy in Toronto and drives for Uber and Lyft on the side, said passengers sometimes get invasive with questions about her race.
While her five-star rating hasn’t suffered due to her gender or race, she says it likely affects her earnings.
“When I go to the Driver of the Year ceremonies, there are people who get high tips and they’re usually all men,” she said. “It gets me thinking.”
While little Canadian research has been done on how tips on ride-hailing apps are affected by race or gender, several U.S. studies have showed female and Black Uber riders are subject to longer waits and more cancellations.
Other studies found these groups also receive lower tips compared with white servers and staff at restaurants and bars.
Some companies in the sector have pledged since the death of George Floyd in U.S. police custody to make changes in the face of pressure to eliminate discrimination at an institutional level.
For example, Uber promised to develop new anti-racism and unconscious bias training for drivers and riders, and to make it easier for anyone to report discrimination issues, said spokeswoman Kayla Whaling. The ride-share service said it would move toward pay equality and double Black representation in leadership roles by 2025.
The company was so committed to ridding its platform of racism that it even started running ads with a clear message: “If you tolerate racism, delete Uber.”
Meanwhile, Lyft partnered with more than 500 organizations — 20 of them in Canada — that have long supported communities of colour.
“We take any allegation of discrimination very seriously and investigate all incidents,” Lyft said in an email. “Lyft has a long-standing commitment to maintaining an inclusive and welcoming community, and discrimination against riders or drivers can and has led to (account) deactivation.”
Warner, a Black courier who has worked for Uber Eats and defunct delivery app Foodora, doesn’t think the efforts are enough because racialized groups in the gig economy are still treated differently and he has seen little action taken when they face discrimination on the job.
Many learn to ignore the racism and sexism because they fear speaking out will endanger their jobs, said Ladd from the Workers’ Action Centre. She pointed out that many of these positions lack stability, sick pay, paid leave or support in the event of a workplace injury.
Warner knows gig economy workers are often seen as “expendable,” but tries to speak out because he has the relative security of a part-time job outside the industry and wants to see change.
“The level of pervasive hostility that Black people face is a consistent everyday life experience,” he said. “If you don’t have someone saying, ‘hey, you need to take this seriously,’ then the CEOs who are white and often don’t experience any kind of racism are going to not understand how bad it is.”
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Dec. 15, 2020
OTTAWA – Canada’s unemployment rate held steady at 6.5 per cent last month as hiring remained weak across the economy.
Statistics Canada’s labour force survey on Friday said employment rose by a modest 15,000 jobs in October.
Business, building and support services saw the largest gain in employment.
Meanwhile, finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing experienced the largest decline.
Many economists see weakness in the job market continuing in the short term, before the Bank of Canada’s interest rate cuts spark a rebound in economic growth next year.
Despite ongoing softness in the labour market, however, strong wage growth has raged on in Canada. Average hourly wages in October grew 4.9 per cent from a year ago, reaching $35.76.
Friday’s report also shed some light on the financial health of households.
According to the agency, 28.8 per cent of Canadians aged 15 or older were living in a household that had difficulty meeting financial needs – like food and housing – in the previous four weeks.
That was down from 33.1 per cent in October 2023 and 35.5 per cent in October 2022, but still above the 20.4 per cent figure recorded in October 2020.
People living in a rented home were more likely to report difficulty meeting financial needs, with nearly four in 10 reporting that was the case.
That compares with just under a quarter of those living in an owned home by a household member.
Immigrants were also more likely to report facing financial strain last month, with about four out of 10 immigrants who landed in the last year doing so.
That compares with about three in 10 more established immigrants and one in four of people born in Canada.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Nov. 8, 2024.
The Canadian Institute for Health Information says health-care spending in Canada is projected to reach a new high in 2024.
The annual report released Thursday says total health spending is expected to hit $372 billion, or $9,054 per Canadian.
CIHI’s national analysis predicts expenditures will rise by 5.7 per cent in 2024, compared to 4.5 per cent in 2023 and 1.7 per cent in 2022.
This year’s health spending is estimated to represent 12.4 per cent of Canada’s gross domestic product. Excluding two years of the pandemic, it would be the highest ratio in the country’s history.
While it’s not unusual for health expenditures to outpace economic growth, the report says this could be the case for the next several years due to Canada’s growing population and its aging demographic.
Canada’s per capita spending on health care in 2022 was among the highest in the world, but still less than countries such as the United States and Sweden.
The report notes that the Canadian dental and pharmacare plans could push health-care spending even further as more people who previously couldn’t afford these services start using them.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Nov. 7, 2024.
Canadian Press health coverage receives support through a partnership with the Canadian Medical Association. CP is solely responsible for this content.
As Canadians wake up to news that Donald Trump will return to the White House, the president-elect’s protectionist stance is casting a spotlight on what effect his second term will have on Canada-U.S. economic ties.
Some Canadian business leaders have expressed worry over Trump’s promise to introduce a universal 10 per cent tariff on all American imports.
A Canadian Chamber of Commerce report released last month suggested those tariffs would shrink the Canadian economy, resulting in around $30 billion per year in economic costs.
More than 77 per cent of Canadian exports go to the U.S.
Canada’s manufacturing sector faces the biggest risk should Trump push forward on imposing broad tariffs, said Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters president and CEO Dennis Darby. He said the sector is the “most trade-exposed” within Canada.
“It’s in the U.S.’s best interest, it’s in our best interest, but most importantly for consumers across North America, that we’re able to trade goods, materials, ingredients, as we have under the trade agreements,” Darby said in an interview.
“It’s a more complex or complicated outcome than it would have been with the Democrats, but we’ve had to deal with this before and we’re going to do our best to deal with it again.”
American economists have also warned Trump’s plan could cause inflation and possibly a recession, which could have ripple effects in Canada.
It’s consumers who will ultimately feel the burden of any inflationary effect caused by broad tariffs, said Darby.
“A tariff tends to raise costs, and it ultimately raises prices, so that’s something that we have to be prepared for,” he said.
“It could tilt production mandates. A tariff makes goods more expensive, but on the same token, it also will make inputs for the U.S. more expensive.”
A report last month by TD economist Marc Ercolao said research shows a full-scale implementation of Trump’s tariff plan could lead to a near-five per cent reduction in Canadian export volumes to the U.S. by early-2027, relative to current baseline forecasts.
Retaliation by Canada would also increase costs for domestic producers, and push import volumes lower in the process.
“Slowing import activity mitigates some of the negative net trade impact on total GDP enough to avoid a technical recession, but still produces a period of extended stagnation through 2025 and 2026,” Ercolao said.
Since the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement came into effect in 2020, trade between Canada and the U.S. has surged by 46 per cent, according to the Toronto Region Board of Trade.
With that deal is up for review in 2026, Canadian Chamber of Commerce president and CEO Candace Laing said the Canadian government “must collaborate effectively with the Trump administration to preserve and strengthen our bilateral economic partnership.”
“With an impressive $3.6 billion in daily trade, Canada and the United States are each other’s closest international partners. The secure and efficient flow of goods and people across our border … remains essential for the economies of both countries,” she said in a statement.
“By resisting tariffs and trade barriers that will only raise prices and hurt consumers in both countries, Canada and the United States can strengthen resilient cross-border supply chains that enhance our shared economic security.”
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Nov. 6, 2024.
