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Scientists Discover 100-Million-Year-Old Sperm Preserved in Amber – VICE

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Artist impression of Cretaceous ostracods mating. Image: Dinghua Yang

Scientists have discovered the oldest sperm in the fossil record, which dates back nearly 100 million years, inside a crustacean that was preserved in amber from Myanmar.

The Cretaceous sperm cells “double the age of the oldest unequivocal fossil animal sperm” making them “by far the oldest sperm of any kind yet identified,” according to a study published on Wednesday in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

What’s more, the cells belong to a special class of “giant sperm” that is still observable in modern ostracods, the family to which the extinct Cretaceous crustacean belongs. Whereas most animals produce high numbers of small sperm cells, some make small numbers of huge sperm cells. Modern ostracod sperm can measure up to 4.3 times the length of the male’s actual body.

Renate Matzke-Karasz, a geobiologist at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU) in Munich who co-authored the study, pointed out that an equivalent ratio in humans would result in sperm cells that measured about 24-feet long.

Beside a few insects, 39 ostracod crustaceans were entrapped in this tiny piece of Cretaceous amber found in Myanmar. Image: He Wang & Xiangdong Zhao

“The interesting part of our story is that we can now show that using giant sperm for reproduction is something that can last [a long time] in Earth’s history,” Matzke-Karasz said in an email. “Previously, we were not sure if animals that ‘switched’ to using these giant sperm at a certain point in their history are doomed to become extinct very quickly.”

“But in ostracods, it seemed to work for more than 100 million years,” she added.

This unprecedented glimpse of Cretaceous reproduction is encased in an amber fossil that contains 39 ostracods, all smaller than a millimeter in size. The group represents a new species, called Myanmarcypris hui, which lived in an aquatic habitat that was also close to trees that produce the type of fluid resin that can eventually harden into amber.

Matzke-Karasz and her colleagues used a technique called computer-assisted 3D X-ray reconstruction to examine the soft tissues preserved in the amber fossil. The process revealed that a female ostracod in the specimen was storing sperm cells inside her body, indicating that she had mated a short time before she was entombed by the ancient tree resin.

The female’s storage organs are “coiled and messy,” Matzke-Karasz said, so the researchers were not able to get a full measurement of the sperm cells. However, the cells are at least 200 microns long. For reference, a strand of human hair is about 100 microns in width.

“This is the longest part of a sperm we could follow up in the mess,” Matzke-Karasz said, adding that 200 microns “would already equal [a third] of the body length!”

The sperm cells are almost certainly longer, though, given that the fossilized ostracods have many of the same organs as their modern relatives, including sperm pumps and two penises in the male, as well as two paired vaginas in the female.

A bundle of giant sperms of the present-day ostracod crustacean Cyclocypris serena. Image: R. Matzke-Karasz

Scientists were already intrigued by the bizarre reproductive behavior of modern ostracods, and the new discovery only deepens the mysteries of giant sperm evolution.

Ostracods are not the only family that uses giant sperm; for instance, the next-oldest sperm cells on record belong to a worm that lived 50 million years ago and also had large reproductive cells. The modern fruit fly species Drosophila bifurca has the longest sperm ever recorded, with cells that measure about 2.2 inches, or 20 times the fly’s body size.

There are “enormous costs” to this adaptation in animals, Matzke-Karasz said, including bulkier reproductive systems and longer mating times.

“This is a lot of biological energy that must be allocated to reproduction,” she said, “so you might think that this doesn’t make sense from an evolutionary standpoint.”

But while this odd mechanism is an outlier in the animal kingdom, almost all freshwater ostracods continue to mate with giant sperm to this day. The new amber relic shows that these huge sperm have roots (or tails?) that extend well into the age of the dinosaurs, demonstrating that they must be doing something special for the crustaceans.

“For ostracods, there must be an advantage,” Matzke-Karasz concluded, “otherwise it wouldn’t exist anymore.”

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The body of a Ugandan Olympic athlete who was set on fire by her partner is received by family

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NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) — The body of Ugandan Olympic athlete Rebecca Cheptegei — who died after being set on fire by her partner in Kenya — was received Friday by family and anti-femicide crusaders, ahead of her burial a day later.

Cheptegei’s family met with dozens of activists Friday who had marched to the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital’s morgue in the western city of Eldoret while chanting anti-femicide slogans.

She is the fourth female athlete to have been killed by her partner in Kenya in yet another case of gender-based violence in recent years.

Viola Cheptoo, the founder of Tirop Angels – an organization that was formed in honor of athlete Agnes Tirop, who was stabbed to death in 2021, said stakeholders need to ensure this is the last death of an athlete due to gender-based violence.

“We are here to say that enough is enough, we are tired of burying our sisters due to GBV,” she said.

It was a somber mood at the morgue as athletes and family members viewed Cheptegei’s body which sustained 80% of burns after she was doused with gasoline by her partner Dickson Ndiema. Ndiema sustained 30% burns on his body and later succumbed.

Ndiema and Cheptegei were said to have quarreled over a piece of land that the athlete bought in Kenya, according to a report filed by the local chief.

Cheptegei competed in the women’s marathon at the Paris Olympics less than a month before the attack. She finished in 44th place.

Cheptegei’s father, Joseph, said that the body will make a brief stop at their home in the Endebess area before proceeding to Bukwo in eastern Uganda for a night vigil and burial on Saturday.

“We are in the final part of giving my daughter the last respect,” a visibly distraught Joseph said.

He told reporters last week that Ndiema was stalking and threatening Cheptegei and the family had informed police.

Kenya’s high rates of violence against women have prompted marches by ordinary citizens in towns and cities this year.

Four in 10 women or an estimated 41% of dating or married Kenyan women have experienced physical or sexual violence perpetrated by their current or most recent partner, according to the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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The ancient jar smashed by a 4-year-old is back on display at an Israeli museum after repair

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TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — A rare Bronze-Era jar accidentally smashed by a 4-year-old visiting a museum was back on display Wednesday after restoration experts were able to carefully piece the artifact back together.

Last month, a family from northern Israel was visiting the museum when their youngest son tipped over the jar, which smashed into pieces.

Alex Geller, the boy’s father, said his son — the youngest of three — is exceptionally curious, and that the moment he heard the crash, “please let that not be my child” was the first thought that raced through his head.

The jar has been on display at the Hecht Museum in Haifa for 35 years. It was one of the only containers of its size and from that period still complete when it was discovered.

The Bronze Age jar is one of many artifacts exhibited out in the open, part of the Hecht Museum’s vision of letting visitors explore history without glass barriers, said Inbal Rivlin, the director of the museum, which is associated with Haifa University in northern Israel.

It was likely used to hold wine or oil, and dates back to between 2200 and 1500 B.C.

Rivlin and the museum decided to turn the moment, which captured international attention, into a teaching moment, inviting the Geller family back for a special visit and hands-on activity to illustrate the restoration process.

Rivlin added that the incident provided a welcome distraction from the ongoing war in Gaza. “Well, he’s just a kid. So I think that somehow it touches the heart of the people in Israel and around the world,“ said Rivlin.

Roee Shafir, a restoration expert at the museum, said the repairs would be fairly simple, as the pieces were from a single, complete jar. Archaeologists often face the more daunting task of sifting through piles of shards from multiple objects and trying to piece them together.

Experts used 3D technology, hi-resolution videos, and special glue to painstakingly reconstruct the large jar.

Less than two weeks after it broke, the jar went back on display at the museum. The gluing process left small hairline cracks, and a few pieces are missing, but the jar’s impressive size remains.

The only noticeable difference in the exhibit was a new sign reading “please don’t touch.”

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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B.C. sets up a panel on bear deaths, will review conservation officer training

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VICTORIA – The British Columbia government is partnering with a bear welfare group to reduce the number of bears being euthanized in the province.

Nicholas Scapillati, executive director of Grizzly Bear Foundation, said Monday that it comes after months-long discussions with the province on how to protect bears, with the goal to give the animals a “better and second chance at life in the wild.”

Scapillati said what’s exciting about the project is that the government is open to working with outside experts and the public.

“So, they’ll be working through Indigenous knowledge and scientific understanding, bringing in the latest techniques and training expertise from leading experts,” he said in an interview.

B.C. government data show conservation officers destroyed 603 black bears and 23 grizzly bears in 2023, while 154 black bears were killed by officers in the first six months of this year.

Scapillati said the group will publish a report with recommendations by next spring, while an independent oversight committee will be set up to review all bear encounters with conservation officers to provide advice to the government.

Environment Minister George Heyman said in a statement that they are looking for new ways to ensure conservation officers “have the trust of the communities they serve,” and the panel will make recommendations to enhance officer training and improve policies.

Lesley Fox, with the wildlife protection group The Fur-Bearers, said they’ve been calling for such a committee for decades.

“This move demonstrates the government is listening,” said Fox. “I suspect, because of the impending election, their listening skills are potentially a little sharper than they normally are.”

Fox said the partnership came from “a place of long frustration” as provincial conservation officers kill more than 500 black bears every year on average, and the public is “no longer tolerating this kind of approach.”

“I think that the conservation officer service and the B.C. government are aware they need to change, and certainly the public has been asking for it,” said Fox.

Fox said there’s a lot of optimism about the new partnership, but, as with any government, there will likely be a lot of red tape to get through.

“I think speed is going to be important, whether or not the committee has the ability to make change and make change relatively quickly without having to study an issue to death, ” said Fox.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 9, 2024.

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