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The Biggest Solar Flares To Have Ever Hit Earth

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From our perspective on Earth, the sun seems fairly calm. Other than providing us with heat, not much seems to happen with the sun. However, appearances can be deceiving. The sun is quite active, spewing massive bands of magnetic energy called solar flares. Solar flares are produced as potential magnetic energy builds and then releases, ejecting vast amounts of material into space. Solar flares can come in a range of sizes, with some being many hundreds of times larger than the Earth. While most solar flares are harmless, on occasion, they can strike our world, causing widespread disruption to electrical systems on Earth. What are some of the largest solar flares to ever hit Earth?

The Carrington Event

Solar flares.
 

The largest solar flare to ever hit Earth occurred on September 1, 1859, known as the Carrington Event. On that day, the sun experienced a coronal mass ejection, which resulted in a gigantic solar storm that sent flares flying toward the Earth. It took a mere 17.5 hours for the solar flare to reach Earth, traversing 93 million miles (150 million kilometers).

Aurora Australis observed from the International Space Station.

When the solar flare collided with our planet, it produced a geomagnetic storm, unlike anything that has happened since. People across the world reported seeing aurora (northern lights), even in regions along the equator where aurora displays are rare. While the world was not as reliant on electricity as it is today, the magnetic storm caused telegraph machines around the world to break down and, in some cases, even explode. The magnetic storm was so powerful, that some telegraphs could even be operated with their power source turned off, as the energy produced by the solar flare was large enough to carry signals.

Drawing of sunspots by Richard Carrington, 1859.

As of yet, the Carrington Event is the largest known solar flare to ever impact the Earth. The event occurred prior to the widespread use of electrical systems, so the world and its economy did not sustain much damage. If something like the Carrington Event were to occur today, it would likely cause global blackouts, disrupting anything connected to an electrical grid.

Other Solar Flares

Solar wind striking Earth’s magnetosphere, depiction of the 1921 and 1989 magnetic storm.

While the Carrington Event was the largest solar flare in recorded history, there have been other large flares since that time that have impacted the Earth. The second largest solar flare occurred in May 1921. Like the Carrington Event, the solar flare of 1921 was caused by a coronal mass ejection that sent solar flares flying toward Earth. Upon impact, the Earth experienced a powerful magnetic storm that produced aurora around the globe. Anything connected to an electrical grid was disrupted, with some areas even experiencing fires as a result. Since this event occurred before the world was so reliant on electricity, its effects were primarily concentrated in areas that used more electricity. Notably, the effects were felt the most in New York City, which had an extensive system of telegraphs at the time.

Another large solar flare occurred on March 10, 1989, and became one of the largest solar flares to ever impact the Earth. Like the other two discussed events, this solar flare was produced by a coronal mass ejection. While this particular event was nowhere near as massive as the Carrington Event or the 1921 solar flare, it was still large enough to cause widespread blackouts and disruption to energy grids. Notably, the province of Quebec experienced massive power outages. In addition to power outages, there were brilliant displays of aurora seen as far south as Florida and Texas. While this particular solar flare was not as strong as earlier flares, the disruption it caused resulted in governments regulating energy grids so as to ensure protection against future magnetic storms caused by the sun.

 

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The body of a Ugandan Olympic athlete who was set on fire by her partner is received by family

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NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) — The body of Ugandan Olympic athlete Rebecca Cheptegei — who died after being set on fire by her partner in Kenya — was received Friday by family and anti-femicide crusaders, ahead of her burial a day later.

Cheptegei’s family met with dozens of activists Friday who had marched to the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital’s morgue in the western city of Eldoret while chanting anti-femicide slogans.

She is the fourth female athlete to have been killed by her partner in Kenya in yet another case of gender-based violence in recent years.

Viola Cheptoo, the founder of Tirop Angels – an organization that was formed in honor of athlete Agnes Tirop, who was stabbed to death in 2021, said stakeholders need to ensure this is the last death of an athlete due to gender-based violence.

“We are here to say that enough is enough, we are tired of burying our sisters due to GBV,” she said.

It was a somber mood at the morgue as athletes and family members viewed Cheptegei’s body which sustained 80% of burns after she was doused with gasoline by her partner Dickson Ndiema. Ndiema sustained 30% burns on his body and later succumbed.

Ndiema and Cheptegei were said to have quarreled over a piece of land that the athlete bought in Kenya, according to a report filed by the local chief.

Cheptegei competed in the women’s marathon at the Paris Olympics less than a month before the attack. She finished in 44th place.

Cheptegei’s father, Joseph, said that the body will make a brief stop at their home in the Endebess area before proceeding to Bukwo in eastern Uganda for a night vigil and burial on Saturday.

“We are in the final part of giving my daughter the last respect,” a visibly distraught Joseph said.

He told reporters last week that Ndiema was stalking and threatening Cheptegei and the family had informed police.

Kenya’s high rates of violence against women have prompted marches by ordinary citizens in towns and cities this year.

Four in 10 women or an estimated 41% of dating or married Kenyan women have experienced physical or sexual violence perpetrated by their current or most recent partner, according to the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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The ancient jar smashed by a 4-year-old is back on display at an Israeli museum after repair

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TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — A rare Bronze-Era jar accidentally smashed by a 4-year-old visiting a museum was back on display Wednesday after restoration experts were able to carefully piece the artifact back together.

Last month, a family from northern Israel was visiting the museum when their youngest son tipped over the jar, which smashed into pieces.

Alex Geller, the boy’s father, said his son — the youngest of three — is exceptionally curious, and that the moment he heard the crash, “please let that not be my child” was the first thought that raced through his head.

The jar has been on display at the Hecht Museum in Haifa for 35 years. It was one of the only containers of its size and from that period still complete when it was discovered.

The Bronze Age jar is one of many artifacts exhibited out in the open, part of the Hecht Museum’s vision of letting visitors explore history without glass barriers, said Inbal Rivlin, the director of the museum, which is associated with Haifa University in northern Israel.

It was likely used to hold wine or oil, and dates back to between 2200 and 1500 B.C.

Rivlin and the museum decided to turn the moment, which captured international attention, into a teaching moment, inviting the Geller family back for a special visit and hands-on activity to illustrate the restoration process.

Rivlin added that the incident provided a welcome distraction from the ongoing war in Gaza. “Well, he’s just a kid. So I think that somehow it touches the heart of the people in Israel and around the world,“ said Rivlin.

Roee Shafir, a restoration expert at the museum, said the repairs would be fairly simple, as the pieces were from a single, complete jar. Archaeologists often face the more daunting task of sifting through piles of shards from multiple objects and trying to piece them together.

Experts used 3D technology, hi-resolution videos, and special glue to painstakingly reconstruct the large jar.

Less than two weeks after it broke, the jar went back on display at the museum. The gluing process left small hairline cracks, and a few pieces are missing, but the jar’s impressive size remains.

The only noticeable difference in the exhibit was a new sign reading “please don’t touch.”

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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B.C. sets up a panel on bear deaths, will review conservation officer training

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VICTORIA – The British Columbia government is partnering with a bear welfare group to reduce the number of bears being euthanized in the province.

Nicholas Scapillati, executive director of Grizzly Bear Foundation, said Monday that it comes after months-long discussions with the province on how to protect bears, with the goal to give the animals a “better and second chance at life in the wild.”

Scapillati said what’s exciting about the project is that the government is open to working with outside experts and the public.

“So, they’ll be working through Indigenous knowledge and scientific understanding, bringing in the latest techniques and training expertise from leading experts,” he said in an interview.

B.C. government data show conservation officers destroyed 603 black bears and 23 grizzly bears in 2023, while 154 black bears were killed by officers in the first six months of this year.

Scapillati said the group will publish a report with recommendations by next spring, while an independent oversight committee will be set up to review all bear encounters with conservation officers to provide advice to the government.

Environment Minister George Heyman said in a statement that they are looking for new ways to ensure conservation officers “have the trust of the communities they serve,” and the panel will make recommendations to enhance officer training and improve policies.

Lesley Fox, with the wildlife protection group The Fur-Bearers, said they’ve been calling for such a committee for decades.

“This move demonstrates the government is listening,” said Fox. “I suspect, because of the impending election, their listening skills are potentially a little sharper than they normally are.”

Fox said the partnership came from “a place of long frustration” as provincial conservation officers kill more than 500 black bears every year on average, and the public is “no longer tolerating this kind of approach.”

“I think that the conservation officer service and the B.C. government are aware they need to change, and certainly the public has been asking for it,” said Fox.

Fox said there’s a lot of optimism about the new partnership, but, as with any government, there will likely be a lot of red tape to get through.

“I think speed is going to be important, whether or not the committee has the ability to make change and make change relatively quickly without having to study an issue to death, ” said Fox.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 9, 2024.

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