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Western-Led Team Creates Prototype for Martian Mineral Analysis

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A Western-led research team has developed the first-ever hand-held diffraction tool for the identification of minerals in their natural setting on planetary surfaces such as Mars.

Working with industry partner Proto Manufacturing, Earth sciences professor Roberta Flemming and team members on the Canadian Space Agency-funded project successfully tested a miniaturized in situ X-ray diffractometer (ISXRD) last month in LaSalle, Ont.

The prototype version of the ISXRD, built by Proto. (Roberta Flemming)

An X-ray diffractometer is a standard laboratory instrument used around the world to characterize minerals – but until now there was no hand-held version of such a device that could be used to analyze minerals in situ, in-person remotely on-site.

Minerals tell us about the history of a rock, and the environmental conditions that existed when it formed. For example, using the ISXRD, scientists could potentially study the role that water played in forming minerals on Mars.

“There is only one diffractometer anywhere in the solar system that is off Earth and that is CheMin (Chemistry and Mineralogy) on the Curiosity rover,” said Flemming, a planetary minerologist and faculty member at Western’s Institute for Earth and Space Exploration. “It uses a drill to powder or pulverize the rock samples, scoops them up and analyzes the material inside the machine.”

That process is too slow and lacks context (due to fragmentation and possible contamination) says Flemming, so she proposed a miniaturized version of a traditional laboratory diffractometer that could characterize the geology of the Martian surface using an external system for targeting remotely, and more precise X-ray analysis strategies.

Mitacs-funded student intern Dana Beaton, co-supervised by Flemming and electrical and computer engineering professor Jayshri Sabarinathan, and Proto product development manager Stanislav Veinberg, designed a prototype version of the ISXRD. It was built by Proto and mounted as a standalone instrument as part of a simulated rover mission. The functionality of the instrument was tested during the analogue mission in LaSalle on October 12-13, on rocks similar to those that would be found on Mars.

Earth sciences professor Livio Tornabene (left) and Western Space research officer Eric Pilles observe data returns from the field test with student Lauren McFarlane at the mission controls in the Physics & Astronomy Building. (Roberta Flemming)

At Western, a team of faculty, staff and students sent commands to the simulated rover in LaSalle to target and analyze these rocks. Team members in the field carried out activities to simulate rover movements.

“The test mission was a huge success and worked better than we hoped,” said Flemming. “And partnering with Proto was critical to the success because they knew how to build the machine. We knew what we wanted, and they knew how to make it a reality.”

The researchers from Western and Proto used the ISXRD to characterize various rock samples, including gypsum, mudstone, basalt containing a mantle xenolith (cooled magma) and breccia. Data was acquired on the ISXRD in as little as 17 minutes per target.

“It’s a very complicated design because critically, you have to get the science right, but you also have to make it small, which means less power,” said Flemming. “When you try and scale down something for space that normally fits in a lab, you have to figure out a way to power it with a lot less energy. And you have to make it robust enough that it could survive the launch and landing, and small enough to mount on a rover arm, but sophisticated enough to move the way we need it to move.”

The project is funded by a Canadian Space Agency grant through its Flights and Fieldwork for the Advancement of Science and technology (FAST) initiative. The Mars analogue rocks used for characterization by the ISXRD instrument were provided by researchers from Western, Brock University and University of Guelph.

“Working closely with Dr. Flemming and her team at Western has been a great experience. The prospect of the ISXRD system eventually collecting data on Mars is very exciting, and it has inspired me to push the boundaries of creativity in the creation of future Proto systems,” said Veinberg. “At Proto, we always strive to design innovative new products for our customers in the powder diffraction world, and collaborating with a team that is so committed and knowledgeable about their field has allowed us to develop an instrument that surpassed everyone’s expectations.”

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The body of a Ugandan Olympic athlete who was set on fire by her partner is received by family

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NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) — The body of Ugandan Olympic athlete Rebecca Cheptegei — who died after being set on fire by her partner in Kenya — was received Friday by family and anti-femicide crusaders, ahead of her burial a day later.

Cheptegei’s family met with dozens of activists Friday who had marched to the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital’s morgue in the western city of Eldoret while chanting anti-femicide slogans.

She is the fourth female athlete to have been killed by her partner in Kenya in yet another case of gender-based violence in recent years.

Viola Cheptoo, the founder of Tirop Angels – an organization that was formed in honor of athlete Agnes Tirop, who was stabbed to death in 2021, said stakeholders need to ensure this is the last death of an athlete due to gender-based violence.

“We are here to say that enough is enough, we are tired of burying our sisters due to GBV,” she said.

It was a somber mood at the morgue as athletes and family members viewed Cheptegei’s body which sustained 80% of burns after she was doused with gasoline by her partner Dickson Ndiema. Ndiema sustained 30% burns on his body and later succumbed.

Ndiema and Cheptegei were said to have quarreled over a piece of land that the athlete bought in Kenya, according to a report filed by the local chief.

Cheptegei competed in the women’s marathon at the Paris Olympics less than a month before the attack. She finished in 44th place.

Cheptegei’s father, Joseph, said that the body will make a brief stop at their home in the Endebess area before proceeding to Bukwo in eastern Uganda for a night vigil and burial on Saturday.

“We are in the final part of giving my daughter the last respect,” a visibly distraught Joseph said.

He told reporters last week that Ndiema was stalking and threatening Cheptegei and the family had informed police.

Kenya’s high rates of violence against women have prompted marches by ordinary citizens in towns and cities this year.

Four in 10 women or an estimated 41% of dating or married Kenyan women have experienced physical or sexual violence perpetrated by their current or most recent partner, according to the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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The ancient jar smashed by a 4-year-old is back on display at an Israeli museum after repair

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TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — A rare Bronze-Era jar accidentally smashed by a 4-year-old visiting a museum was back on display Wednesday after restoration experts were able to carefully piece the artifact back together.

Last month, a family from northern Israel was visiting the museum when their youngest son tipped over the jar, which smashed into pieces.

Alex Geller, the boy’s father, said his son — the youngest of three — is exceptionally curious, and that the moment he heard the crash, “please let that not be my child” was the first thought that raced through his head.

The jar has been on display at the Hecht Museum in Haifa for 35 years. It was one of the only containers of its size and from that period still complete when it was discovered.

The Bronze Age jar is one of many artifacts exhibited out in the open, part of the Hecht Museum’s vision of letting visitors explore history without glass barriers, said Inbal Rivlin, the director of the museum, which is associated with Haifa University in northern Israel.

It was likely used to hold wine or oil, and dates back to between 2200 and 1500 B.C.

Rivlin and the museum decided to turn the moment, which captured international attention, into a teaching moment, inviting the Geller family back for a special visit and hands-on activity to illustrate the restoration process.

Rivlin added that the incident provided a welcome distraction from the ongoing war in Gaza. “Well, he’s just a kid. So I think that somehow it touches the heart of the people in Israel and around the world,“ said Rivlin.

Roee Shafir, a restoration expert at the museum, said the repairs would be fairly simple, as the pieces were from a single, complete jar. Archaeologists often face the more daunting task of sifting through piles of shards from multiple objects and trying to piece them together.

Experts used 3D technology, hi-resolution videos, and special glue to painstakingly reconstruct the large jar.

Less than two weeks after it broke, the jar went back on display at the museum. The gluing process left small hairline cracks, and a few pieces are missing, but the jar’s impressive size remains.

The only noticeable difference in the exhibit was a new sign reading “please don’t touch.”

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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B.C. sets up a panel on bear deaths, will review conservation officer training

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VICTORIA – The British Columbia government is partnering with a bear welfare group to reduce the number of bears being euthanized in the province.

Nicholas Scapillati, executive director of Grizzly Bear Foundation, said Monday that it comes after months-long discussions with the province on how to protect bears, with the goal to give the animals a “better and second chance at life in the wild.”

Scapillati said what’s exciting about the project is that the government is open to working with outside experts and the public.

“So, they’ll be working through Indigenous knowledge and scientific understanding, bringing in the latest techniques and training expertise from leading experts,” he said in an interview.

B.C. government data show conservation officers destroyed 603 black bears and 23 grizzly bears in 2023, while 154 black bears were killed by officers in the first six months of this year.

Scapillati said the group will publish a report with recommendations by next spring, while an independent oversight committee will be set up to review all bear encounters with conservation officers to provide advice to the government.

Environment Minister George Heyman said in a statement that they are looking for new ways to ensure conservation officers “have the trust of the communities they serve,” and the panel will make recommendations to enhance officer training and improve policies.

Lesley Fox, with the wildlife protection group The Fur-Bearers, said they’ve been calling for such a committee for decades.

“This move demonstrates the government is listening,” said Fox. “I suspect, because of the impending election, their listening skills are potentially a little sharper than they normally are.”

Fox said the partnership came from “a place of long frustration” as provincial conservation officers kill more than 500 black bears every year on average, and the public is “no longer tolerating this kind of approach.”

“I think that the conservation officer service and the B.C. government are aware they need to change, and certainly the public has been asking for it,” said Fox.

Fox said there’s a lot of optimism about the new partnership, but, as with any government, there will likely be a lot of red tape to get through.

“I think speed is going to be important, whether or not the committee has the ability to make change and make change relatively quickly without having to study an issue to death, ” said Fox.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 9, 2024.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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