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What is the fediverse and why does Threads want to join?

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If you recently downloaded Meta’s new Threads app — a social media platform some say rivals Twitter — you may have noticed it plans to join the fediverse.

Before you can join Threads, a disclaimer pops up: “Future versions of Threads will work within the fediverse, a new type of social media network that allows people to follow and interact with each other on different platforms.”

What exactly does that mean?

Imagine posting a tweet on Facebook or liking an Instagram reel on TikTok.

The fediverse — a combination of the words federation and universe — is a loose collective of decentralized servers that operate using open source standards. Unlike traditional social networks, the fediverse allows users to connect and communicate with others seamlessly across multiple platforms.

Threads, a new social platform by Meta, signed up more than 100 million users in its first five days. (Ashley Fraser/CBC)

Proponents say it’s similar to the early days of the internet, when Big Tech hadn’t yet created social media sites that rely on advertising and use algorithms to keep you scrolling on their platforms.

“You can have an account on one service and you can post on other services. Other people can read your stuff, they can connect to you. You can have relationships and friendships — family relationships that don’t depend on which actual service you’re using. So that’s the fediverse promise,” said Evan Prodromou, an entrepreneur and technologist based in Montreal.

Think of it like email. There are many different email domains available, from Gmail to Outlook. Even if you use a different service than your friend, you can still communicate with one another.

“We’re using social networking for what it was originally meant for, which is giving us better social relationships.… So it’s not about the platforms, it’s about the people,” said Prodromou.

How did the fediverse start?

Prodromou is often credited as a pioneer of the fediverse, although he points out it’s based on patterns and structures that go back to the very beginning of the internet.

In 2008, he created a website called identi.ca, which was a distributed social network similar to Twitter. At the time, blogs were popular and people would use software like a feed aggregator to bring them together in one place.

“My kind of incentive in building identi.ca and the original federated social networks was to take that experience and bring it into that social network interface,” said Prodromou.

What made identi.ca different was the development of a standard that let people download the software, install it on their own servers and then communicate directly with their users, as if they were on the same server.

Another breakthrough was the release of Mastodon in 2017 by German developer Eugen Rochko.

Evan Prodromou, who lives in Montreal, helped create ActivityPub, a decentralized social networking protocol that much of the fediverse is developed on. (Submitted by Evan Prodromou)

Similar to Twitter, Mastodon is a micro-blogging platform and one of the larger self-hosted social networking spaces on the fediverse. Small groups or individuals run independent communities or “instances” on their own servers, and they have their own terms of service and moderation rules.

In 2018, the organization that set standards for the World Wide Web, known as the W3C, wanted to have a modern standard for distributed social networks like Mastodon.

They started a group — co-chaired by Prodromou — called the Social Web Working Group.

The group developed the standards that make up ActivityPub, an open, decentralized social networking protocol that much of the fediverse is now developed on, including Mastodon and other services, like Pixelfed, a photo-sharing platform similar to Instagram.

Why are people moving to the fediverse?

When scrolling on Facebook, TikTok or other mainstream social platforms, you might notice content from accounts you don’t follow. They use an algorithm to show you content based on data they’ve gathered on you, including what you’ve previously engaged with.

The fediverse doesn’t rely on algorithms or data scraping in the same way. Mastodon, for example, will show you the content of people and instances you follow in chronological order.

This creates a less stressful environment, Prodromou says, because your feed isn’t designed to keep you on the platform.

The servers that make up the fediverse cost money to run, but revenue from advertisements aren’t the primary way of maintaining them. Individuals and groups have their own methods, including subscription fees or donations.

“There’s no one entity who can say: ‘Everybody has to read our ads and everyone has to give us their data,’ because we’ve got that distributed set of control. So it gives us more control over what we do,” said Prodromou.

The fediverse is customizable and users can follow or create their own instances that appeal to their interests and values, explained Brian Keegan, a computational social scientist with the University of Colorado Boulder.

“By joining different kinds of instances or moving your account between different kinds of instances, you’re able to really vote or elect if this is the model of content, moderation and governance that I want to have around my social media.”

This creates an environment where users have more control of what they want to see and are less likely to be exposed to content like misinformation and hate speech seen on other platforms, Keegan said.

Mastodon, also seen as a competitor to Twitter, allows users to post updates and see what others are posting in their feed, much like other micro-blogging social platforms. (CBC )

With that control, however, the federated model can allow for people to fall into echo chambers, he said. “There are probably some necessary social changes that we’ll need to make on the fediverse in order to improve that.”

Keegan points out that if you do have a problem with something you’re seeing, content moderation decisions are made by whoever is running the server that you’re on. So you may have more success flagging a concern there compared to trying to appeal to an administrator working under the umbrella of a Big Tech company.

Is Meta welcome?

Both Prodromou and Keegan see Meta’s potential move to the fediverse as an opportunity to grow and expand the space.

In addition to potentially making the interface less clunky and more user friendly, Keegan said a larger platform would bring more users to interact with.

“By having an organization like Meta express an interest, and building and scaling infrastructure and experiences and apps, that might allow for more people to join the fediverse,” said Keegan.

Currently, the fediverse has around 12 million users. By comparison, more than 100 million users signed up for Meta’s Threads in the first five days of its launch.

Unlike Meta and Twitter, led by Mark Zuckerberg and Elon Musk respectively, networks on the fediverse aren’t typically run by a company or led by a CEO. (Manu Fernandez/The Associated Press)

But some fediverse users are set against a major tech company joining.

Keegan said there’s a movement of Mastodon users who have started an “anti-Meta Fedi pact,” pledging to block any instances owned by Meta.

“I think people see Meta coming in, and potentially this risk of them bringing this really poor track record, and destroying or deteriorating this really interesting and exciting space that’s really been built from the bottom up by a lot of diverse, different kinds of communities,” said Keegan.

Meta hasn’t said when Threads will join the fediverse and hasn’t released details about what its presence will look like, beyond using the ActivityPub protocol so it can talk to other servers.

 

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Telus prioritizing ‘most important customers,’ avoiding ‘unprofitable’ offers: CFO

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Telus Corp. says it is avoiding offering “unprofitable” discounts as fierce competition in the Canadian telecommunications sector shows no sign of slowing down.

The company said Friday it had fewer net new customers during its third quarter compared with the same time last year, as it copes with increasingly “aggressive marketing and promotional pricing” that is prompting more customers to switch providers.

Telus said it added 347,000 net new customers, down around 14.5 per cent compared with last year. The figure includes 130,000 mobile phone subscribers and 34,000 internet customers, down 30,000 and 3,000, respectively, year-over-year.

The company reported its mobile phone churn rate — a metric measuring subscribers who cancelled their services — was 1.09 per cent in the third quarter, up from 1.03 per cent in the third quarter of 2023. That included a postpaid mobile phone churn rate of 0.90 per cent in its latest quarter.

Telus said its focus is on customer retention through its “industry-leading service and network quality, along with successful promotions and bundled offerings.”

“The customers we have are the most important customers we can get,” said chief financial officer Doug French in an interview.

“We’ve, again, just continued to focus on what matters most to our customers, from a product and customer service perspective, while not loading unprofitable customers.”

Meanwhile, Telus reported its net income attributable to common shares more than doubled during its third quarter.

The telecommunications company said it earned $280 million, up 105.9 per cent from the same three-month period in 2023. Earnings per diluted share for the quarter ended Sept. 30 was 19 cents compared with nine cents a year earlier.

It reported adjusted net income was $413 million, up 10.7 per cent year-over-year from $373 million in the same quarter last year. Operating revenue and other income for the quarter was $5.1 billion, up 1.8 per cent from the previous year.

Mobile phone average revenue per user was $58.85 in the third quarter, a decrease of $2.09 or 3.4 per cent from a year ago. Telus said the drop was attributable to customers signing up for base rate plans with lower prices, along with a decline in overage and roaming revenues.

It said customers are increasingly adopting unlimited data and Canada-U.S. plans which provide higher and more stable ARPU on a monthly basis.

“In a tough operating environment and relative to peers, we view Q3 results that were in line to slightly better than forecast as the best of the bunch,” said RBC analyst Drew McReynolds in a note.

Scotiabank analyst Maher Yaghi added that “the telecom industry in Canada remains very challenging for all players, however, Telus has been able to face these pressures” and still deliver growth.

The Big 3 telecom providers — which also include Rogers Communications Inc. and BCE Inc. — have frequently stressed that the market has grown more competitive in recent years, especially after the closing of Quebecor Inc.’s purchase of Freedom Mobile in April 2023.

Hailed as a fourth national carrier, Quebecor has invested in enhancements to Freedom’s network while offering more affordable plans as part of a set of commitments it was mandated by Ottawa to agree to.

The cost of telephone services in September was down eight per cent compared with a year earlier, according to Statistics Canada’s most recent inflation report last month.

“I think competition has been and continues to be, I’d say, quite intense in Canada, and we’ve obviously had to just manage our business the way we see fit,” said French.

Asked how long that environment could last, he said that’s out of Telus’ hands.

“What I can control, though, is how we go to market and how we lead with our products,” he said.

“I think the conditions within the market will have to adjust accordingly over time. We’ve continued to focus on digitization, continued to bring our cost structure down to compete, irrespective of the price and the current market conditions.”

Still, Canada’s telecom regulator continues to warn providers about customers facing more charges on their cellphone and internet bills.

On Tuesday, CRTC vice-president of consumer, analytics and strategy Scott Hutton called on providers to ensure they clearly inform their customers of charges such as early cancellation fees.

That followed statements from the regulator in recent weeks cautioning against rising international roaming fees and “surprise” price increases being found on their bills.

Hutton said the CRTC plans to launch public consultations in the coming weeks that will focus “on ensuring that information is clear and consistent, making it easier to compare offers and switch services or providers.”

“The CRTC is concerned with recent trends, which suggest that Canadians may not be benefiting from the full protections of our codes,” he said.

“We will continue to monitor developments and will take further action if our codes are not being followed.”

French said any initiative to boost transparency is a step in the right direction.

“I can’t say we are perfect across the board, but what I can say is we are absolutely taking it under consideration and trying to be the best at communicating with our customers,” he said.

“I think everyone looking in the mirror would say there’s room for improvement.”

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Nov. 8, 2024.

Companies in this story: (TSX:T)

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TC Energy cuts cost estimate for Southeast Gateway pipeline project in Mexico

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CALGARY – TC Energy Corp. has lowered the estimated cost of its Southeast Gateway pipeline project in Mexico.

It says it now expects the project to cost between US$3.9 billion and US$4.1 billion compared with its original estimate of US$4.5 billion.

The change came as the company reported a third-quarter profit attributable to common shareholders of C$1.46 billion or $1.40 per share compared with a loss of C$197 million or 19 cents per share in the same quarter last year.

Revenue for the quarter ended Sept. 30 totalled C$4.08 billion, up from C$3.94 billion in the third quarter of 2023.

TC Energy says its comparable earnings for its latest quarter amounted to C$1.03 per share compared with C$1.00 per share a year earlier.

The average analyst estimate had been for a profit of 95 cents per share, according to LSEG Data & Analytics.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Nov. 7, 2024.

Companies in this story: (TSX:TRP)

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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BCE reports Q3 loss on asset impairment charge, cuts revenue guidance

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BCE Inc. reported a loss in its latest quarter as it recorded $2.11 billion in asset impairment charges, mainly related to Bell Media’s TV and radio properties.

The company says its net loss attributable to common shareholders amounted to $1.24 billion or $1.36 per share for the quarter ended Sept. 30 compared with a profit of $640 million or 70 cents per share a year earlier.

On an adjusted basis, BCE says it earned 75 cents per share in its latest quarter compared with an adjusted profit of 81 cents per share in the same quarter last year.

“Bell’s results for the third quarter demonstrate that we are disciplined in our pursuit of profitable growth in an intensely competitive environment,” BCE chief executive Mirko Bibic said in a statement.

“Our focus this quarter, and throughout 2024, has been to attract higher-margin subscribers and reduce costs to help offset short-term revenue impacts from sustained competitive pricing pressures, slow economic growth and a media advertising market that is in transition.”

Operating revenue for the quarter totalled $5.97 billion, down from $6.08 billion in its third quarter of 2023.

BCE also said it now expects its revenue for 2024 to fall about 1.5 per cent compared with earlier guidance for an increase of zero to four per cent.

The company says the change comes as it faces lower-than-anticipated wireless product revenue and sustained pressure on wireless prices.

BCE added 33,111 net postpaid mobile phone subscribers, down 76.8 per cent from the same period last year, which was the company’s second-best performance on the metric since 2010.

It says the drop was driven by higher customer churn — a measure of subscribers who cancelled their service — amid greater competitive activity and promotional offer intensity. BCE’s monthly churn rate for the category was 1.28 per cent, up from 1.1 per cent during its previous third quarter.

The company also saw 11.6 per cent fewer gross subscriber activations “due to more targeted promotional offers and mobile device discounting compared to last year.”

Bell’s wireless mobile phone average revenue per user was $58.26, down 3.4 per cent from $60.28 in the third quarter of the prior year.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Nov. 7, 2024.

Companies in this story: (TSX:BCE)

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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