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What Is The Oldest Planet Ever Found?

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The sun formed around 4.5 billion years ago, and all the planets began forming soon after. All the planets in our solar system are about 4.5 billion years old, which truly is an immense period of time. However, it is nowhere near as old as the oldest planet ever discovered. The oldest planet ever found in the universe is an exoplanet designated as PSR B1620-26 b at nearly 13-billion years old. It has also been nicknamed Methusalah, after the oldest character from the bible.

Discovery

Hubble image of Messier 4, theglobular cluster containing Methusalah. Image credit: NASA/ESA

Unlike most exoplanets discovered, Methusalah does not orbit a typical star. Rather, it is a circumbinary planet, meaning it orbits two different objects. These two objects, however, are not main sequence stars. Rather than stars, Methusalah orbits a white dwarf and a pulsar. Interestingly, Methusalah was one of the first planets ever detected beyond our solar system, although since it does not orbit a main sequence star, it does not technically fall under the definition of an exoplanet. The existence of Methusalah was announced in 1993, and like most planets beyond our solar system discovered at that time, it was found using the radial velocity method. This method looks for any shift in a star’s light caused by the Doppler Effect, which will change the wavelength of light depending on the object’s motion relative to us. In the case of Methusalah, astronomers observed a Doppler shift in the light of the nearby pulsar, and calculations showed that the most likely explanation was that a planet was exerting a gravitational force on the pulsar, causing it to move ever so slightly.

Age

Zoomed-in image of Messier 4 showing the approximate location of Methusalah. Image credit: NASA/ESA

In addition to Methusalah being the oldest planet ever discovered, it is also unique in that it was the first planet ever found to orbit more than one object, and it was also the first planet ever found within a globular cluster of stars. The globular cluster, designated as Messier 4, has an estimated age of 12.7 billion years and is located 12,400 light years away. Globular clusters tend to be quite old, which is due to the abundance of low mass stars that can burn for hundreds of billions of years contained within them. Globular clusters can also contain thousands to millions of individual stars, their mutual gravity holding the structure together for billions of years. Most stars within globular clusters likely formed within the cluster itself, and so any planets that orbit within the globular cluster are likely the same age. Thus, Methusalah is estimated to be around 12.7 billion years old, making it the oldest planet ever found and 2.8 times older than the Earth.

Characteristics

Representation of Methusalah along with a pulsar and white dwarf in the background. Image credit: NASA

Methusalah has a mass 2.7 times larger than Jupiter, meaning it is likely a gas giant. It orbits at a distance of 2.1 billion miles (3.4 billion kilometres) and takes approximately 100 years to complete a single orbit. Other than its age, mass, and distance, not much more is known about this ancient planet, yet astronomers believe that it may have once orbited a star not so different from our sun. It is unlikely that Methusalah formed in orbit around the white dwarf and pulsar as their gravity is simply not strong enough to pull in enough material for a planet to form. Rather, astronomers believe that Methusalah likely formed around a sun-like star that eventually became a white dwarf. Methusalah is located at a far enough distance that it would have survived the red giant phase of the star just prior to the formation of the white dwarf.

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The body of a Ugandan Olympic athlete who was set on fire by her partner is received by family

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NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) — The body of Ugandan Olympic athlete Rebecca Cheptegei — who died after being set on fire by her partner in Kenya — was received Friday by family and anti-femicide crusaders, ahead of her burial a day later.

Cheptegei’s family met with dozens of activists Friday who had marched to the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital’s morgue in the western city of Eldoret while chanting anti-femicide slogans.

She is the fourth female athlete to have been killed by her partner in Kenya in yet another case of gender-based violence in recent years.

Viola Cheptoo, the founder of Tirop Angels – an organization that was formed in honor of athlete Agnes Tirop, who was stabbed to death in 2021, said stakeholders need to ensure this is the last death of an athlete due to gender-based violence.

“We are here to say that enough is enough, we are tired of burying our sisters due to GBV,” she said.

It was a somber mood at the morgue as athletes and family members viewed Cheptegei’s body which sustained 80% of burns after she was doused with gasoline by her partner Dickson Ndiema. Ndiema sustained 30% burns on his body and later succumbed.

Ndiema and Cheptegei were said to have quarreled over a piece of land that the athlete bought in Kenya, according to a report filed by the local chief.

Cheptegei competed in the women’s marathon at the Paris Olympics less than a month before the attack. She finished in 44th place.

Cheptegei’s father, Joseph, said that the body will make a brief stop at their home in the Endebess area before proceeding to Bukwo in eastern Uganda for a night vigil and burial on Saturday.

“We are in the final part of giving my daughter the last respect,” a visibly distraught Joseph said.

He told reporters last week that Ndiema was stalking and threatening Cheptegei and the family had informed police.

Kenya’s high rates of violence against women have prompted marches by ordinary citizens in towns and cities this year.

Four in 10 women or an estimated 41% of dating or married Kenyan women have experienced physical or sexual violence perpetrated by their current or most recent partner, according to the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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The ancient jar smashed by a 4-year-old is back on display at an Israeli museum after repair

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TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — A rare Bronze-Era jar accidentally smashed by a 4-year-old visiting a museum was back on display Wednesday after restoration experts were able to carefully piece the artifact back together.

Last month, a family from northern Israel was visiting the museum when their youngest son tipped over the jar, which smashed into pieces.

Alex Geller, the boy’s father, said his son — the youngest of three — is exceptionally curious, and that the moment he heard the crash, “please let that not be my child” was the first thought that raced through his head.

The jar has been on display at the Hecht Museum in Haifa for 35 years. It was one of the only containers of its size and from that period still complete when it was discovered.

The Bronze Age jar is one of many artifacts exhibited out in the open, part of the Hecht Museum’s vision of letting visitors explore history without glass barriers, said Inbal Rivlin, the director of the museum, which is associated with Haifa University in northern Israel.

It was likely used to hold wine or oil, and dates back to between 2200 and 1500 B.C.

Rivlin and the museum decided to turn the moment, which captured international attention, into a teaching moment, inviting the Geller family back for a special visit and hands-on activity to illustrate the restoration process.

Rivlin added that the incident provided a welcome distraction from the ongoing war in Gaza. “Well, he’s just a kid. So I think that somehow it touches the heart of the people in Israel and around the world,“ said Rivlin.

Roee Shafir, a restoration expert at the museum, said the repairs would be fairly simple, as the pieces were from a single, complete jar. Archaeologists often face the more daunting task of sifting through piles of shards from multiple objects and trying to piece them together.

Experts used 3D technology, hi-resolution videos, and special glue to painstakingly reconstruct the large jar.

Less than two weeks after it broke, the jar went back on display at the museum. The gluing process left small hairline cracks, and a few pieces are missing, but the jar’s impressive size remains.

The only noticeable difference in the exhibit was a new sign reading “please don’t touch.”

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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B.C. sets up a panel on bear deaths, will review conservation officer training

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VICTORIA – The British Columbia government is partnering with a bear welfare group to reduce the number of bears being euthanized in the province.

Nicholas Scapillati, executive director of Grizzly Bear Foundation, said Monday that it comes after months-long discussions with the province on how to protect bears, with the goal to give the animals a “better and second chance at life in the wild.”

Scapillati said what’s exciting about the project is that the government is open to working with outside experts and the public.

“So, they’ll be working through Indigenous knowledge and scientific understanding, bringing in the latest techniques and training expertise from leading experts,” he said in an interview.

B.C. government data show conservation officers destroyed 603 black bears and 23 grizzly bears in 2023, while 154 black bears were killed by officers in the first six months of this year.

Scapillati said the group will publish a report with recommendations by next spring, while an independent oversight committee will be set up to review all bear encounters with conservation officers to provide advice to the government.

Environment Minister George Heyman said in a statement that they are looking for new ways to ensure conservation officers “have the trust of the communities they serve,” and the panel will make recommendations to enhance officer training and improve policies.

Lesley Fox, with the wildlife protection group The Fur-Bearers, said they’ve been calling for such a committee for decades.

“This move demonstrates the government is listening,” said Fox. “I suspect, because of the impending election, their listening skills are potentially a little sharper than they normally are.”

Fox said the partnership came from “a place of long frustration” as provincial conservation officers kill more than 500 black bears every year on average, and the public is “no longer tolerating this kind of approach.”

“I think that the conservation officer service and the B.C. government are aware they need to change, and certainly the public has been asking for it,” said Fox.

Fox said there’s a lot of optimism about the new partnership, but, as with any government, there will likely be a lot of red tape to get through.

“I think speed is going to be important, whether or not the committee has the ability to make change and make change relatively quickly without having to study an issue to death, ” said Fox.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 9, 2024.

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