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Where does outer space begin? – The Clare People – The Clare People

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Detailed chronology of events right after the Big Bang (Image : Reproduction/The Ohio State University)

Since then, it has continued to expand more and more, an expansion that lasts 11, 8 billion years. This means that you, me, the Earth, the Sun and the Milky Way are just in a space that already existed at the Big Bang, but that has expanded enough to fit all these cosmic objects that enchant us during a night clear of clouds and fog. This is why we cannot point to the direction where the Big Bang occurred. In a way, we are at the place where it happened.

It is also for these same reasons that the cosmic background radiation (the “fossil” of light left over from the Big Bang) is observed in any direction in space where we look—with large telescopes, of course. Thus, the most appropriate way to ask about the beginning of the universe is not “where” but “when”. This is also true for “where does space outside Earth begin?”, because the Earth is immersed in this space, which is the very expansion that resulted from the Big Bang.

The space where our little one The pale “dot” we call a planet already existed in the Big Bang. It makes no sense to ask where it starts, because we have no external reference to the cosmos. We are in the same universe, where the space between galaxies increases, and where energy and matter are changing all the time.

Where is the edge of the Earth’s atmosphere?

SpaceX’s Inspiration4 mission, which took civilians to space (Image: Reproduction/DrSianProctor/Twitter)

Well, if your question is where the domains of the Earth’s atmosphere end, perhaps the answer could be more objective — but it isn’t! The boundary between our atmosphere and outer space (from the English “outer space”, which literally means “outer space”) is also quite relative. It was not enough to know that the “external space” is nothing else where we are immersed, there is also no exact definition for this border.

There are some international treaties that define “space” as something free for exploration and use by all (as long as it is not used for military purposes), but this does not apply to sovereign airspace above nations, for example. Therefore, countries define their own limits and the laws that govern airspace and outer space are different. So where does a country’s airspace end and space begin? This is a political issue, and some countries, like the US, have resisted the idea of ​​delimiting borders.

It is also difficult to define these limits through the atmosphere, because it doesn’t end up “out of nowhere” , but gradually diminishes until it becomes a thin layer in space. If we take this definition literally, many satellites, and the International Space Station itself, would still be on Earth rather than in space. But things are more complicated than that.

Some experts might also say that space starts at the point where the atmosphere alone is not enough to support a spaceship at suborbital speeds. The opposite may also be true — there must be a limit where satellites can no longer orbit. If we observe the flight of all satellites with publicly available data, we realize that they can orbit the planet countless times below an altitude of approximately 80 km, but those who dipped below 100 km met a quick and fulminating end, most of the time.

I was once a child with a dream looking up to the stars. Now I’m an adult in a spaceship looking down to our beautiful Earth. To the next generation of dreamers: if we can do this, just imagine what you can do https://t.co/Wyzj0nOBgX #Unity13 @virgingalactic pic.twitter.com/03EJmKiH8V

— Richard Branson (@richardbranson) July 11, 470533

Apparently there are few atmospheric effects above 13 km of altitude. But maybe there is not much interest from companies, organizations and countries in establishing this limit. On the other hand, as space tourism becomes more and more real, the debate may be amplified. After all, if you pay a fortune to go into space, you’ll probably want to make sure you’re actually off planet Earth. a lot of confidence that our planet’s boundary with “outer space” is this or that altitude.

Source: National Geographic, Astronomy

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The body of a Ugandan Olympic athlete who was set on fire by her partner is received by family

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NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) — The body of Ugandan Olympic athlete Rebecca Cheptegei — who died after being set on fire by her partner in Kenya — was received Friday by family and anti-femicide crusaders, ahead of her burial a day later.

Cheptegei’s family met with dozens of activists Friday who had marched to the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital’s morgue in the western city of Eldoret while chanting anti-femicide slogans.

She is the fourth female athlete to have been killed by her partner in Kenya in yet another case of gender-based violence in recent years.

Viola Cheptoo, the founder of Tirop Angels – an organization that was formed in honor of athlete Agnes Tirop, who was stabbed to death in 2021, said stakeholders need to ensure this is the last death of an athlete due to gender-based violence.

“We are here to say that enough is enough, we are tired of burying our sisters due to GBV,” she said.

It was a somber mood at the morgue as athletes and family members viewed Cheptegei’s body which sustained 80% of burns after she was doused with gasoline by her partner Dickson Ndiema. Ndiema sustained 30% burns on his body and later succumbed.

Ndiema and Cheptegei were said to have quarreled over a piece of land that the athlete bought in Kenya, according to a report filed by the local chief.

Cheptegei competed in the women’s marathon at the Paris Olympics less than a month before the attack. She finished in 44th place.

Cheptegei’s father, Joseph, said that the body will make a brief stop at their home in the Endebess area before proceeding to Bukwo in eastern Uganda for a night vigil and burial on Saturday.

“We are in the final part of giving my daughter the last respect,” a visibly distraught Joseph said.

He told reporters last week that Ndiema was stalking and threatening Cheptegei and the family had informed police.

Kenya’s high rates of violence against women have prompted marches by ordinary citizens in towns and cities this year.

Four in 10 women or an estimated 41% of dating or married Kenyan women have experienced physical or sexual violence perpetrated by their current or most recent partner, according to the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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The ancient jar smashed by a 4-year-old is back on display at an Israeli museum after repair

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TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — A rare Bronze-Era jar accidentally smashed by a 4-year-old visiting a museum was back on display Wednesday after restoration experts were able to carefully piece the artifact back together.

Last month, a family from northern Israel was visiting the museum when their youngest son tipped over the jar, which smashed into pieces.

Alex Geller, the boy’s father, said his son — the youngest of three — is exceptionally curious, and that the moment he heard the crash, “please let that not be my child” was the first thought that raced through his head.

The jar has been on display at the Hecht Museum in Haifa for 35 years. It was one of the only containers of its size and from that period still complete when it was discovered.

The Bronze Age jar is one of many artifacts exhibited out in the open, part of the Hecht Museum’s vision of letting visitors explore history without glass barriers, said Inbal Rivlin, the director of the museum, which is associated with Haifa University in northern Israel.

It was likely used to hold wine or oil, and dates back to between 2200 and 1500 B.C.

Rivlin and the museum decided to turn the moment, which captured international attention, into a teaching moment, inviting the Geller family back for a special visit and hands-on activity to illustrate the restoration process.

Rivlin added that the incident provided a welcome distraction from the ongoing war in Gaza. “Well, he’s just a kid. So I think that somehow it touches the heart of the people in Israel and around the world,“ said Rivlin.

Roee Shafir, a restoration expert at the museum, said the repairs would be fairly simple, as the pieces were from a single, complete jar. Archaeologists often face the more daunting task of sifting through piles of shards from multiple objects and trying to piece them together.

Experts used 3D technology, hi-resolution videos, and special glue to painstakingly reconstruct the large jar.

Less than two weeks after it broke, the jar went back on display at the museum. The gluing process left small hairline cracks, and a few pieces are missing, but the jar’s impressive size remains.

The only noticeable difference in the exhibit was a new sign reading “please don’t touch.”

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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B.C. sets up a panel on bear deaths, will review conservation officer training

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VICTORIA – The British Columbia government is partnering with a bear welfare group to reduce the number of bears being euthanized in the province.

Nicholas Scapillati, executive director of Grizzly Bear Foundation, said Monday that it comes after months-long discussions with the province on how to protect bears, with the goal to give the animals a “better and second chance at life in the wild.”

Scapillati said what’s exciting about the project is that the government is open to working with outside experts and the public.

“So, they’ll be working through Indigenous knowledge and scientific understanding, bringing in the latest techniques and training expertise from leading experts,” he said in an interview.

B.C. government data show conservation officers destroyed 603 black bears and 23 grizzly bears in 2023, while 154 black bears were killed by officers in the first six months of this year.

Scapillati said the group will publish a report with recommendations by next spring, while an independent oversight committee will be set up to review all bear encounters with conservation officers to provide advice to the government.

Environment Minister George Heyman said in a statement that they are looking for new ways to ensure conservation officers “have the trust of the communities they serve,” and the panel will make recommendations to enhance officer training and improve policies.

Lesley Fox, with the wildlife protection group The Fur-Bearers, said they’ve been calling for such a committee for decades.

“This move demonstrates the government is listening,” said Fox. “I suspect, because of the impending election, their listening skills are potentially a little sharper than they normally are.”

Fox said the partnership came from “a place of long frustration” as provincial conservation officers kill more than 500 black bears every year on average, and the public is “no longer tolerating this kind of approach.”

“I think that the conservation officer service and the B.C. government are aware they need to change, and certainly the public has been asking for it,” said Fox.

Fox said there’s a lot of optimism about the new partnership, but, as with any government, there will likely be a lot of red tape to get through.

“I think speed is going to be important, whether or not the committee has the ability to make change and make change relatively quickly without having to study an issue to death, ” said Fox.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 9, 2024.

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