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The world economy, from ancient Babylon to tech entrepreneurs – The Economist

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“More”, by The Economist’s Bartleby columnist, is an entertaining chronicle of ten millennia of economic history

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More: The 10,000-Year Rise of the World Economy. By Philip Coggan. Profile Books; 480 pages; £25. To be published in America by Hachette in March as “More: A History of the World Economy from the Iron Age to the Information Age”; $30

ECONOMIC HISTORIES rarely make for a cheering read. Different eras tend to be punctuated by crises, from the South Sea bubble to tulipmania to the oil shocks of the 1970s to the global financial crisis of 2007-09. Even the more obviously good news events involve a certain ambivalence. The dark satanic mills of the Industrial Revolution provided fuel for both Charles Dickens in “Hard Times” and Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in “The Communist Manifesto”.

It is a real pleasure, then, to read a history that naturally includes the crises but sets them in the context of the immense economic advances over the past ten millennia. “More” opens with the ancient economy and the code of Hammurabi, which set out the rules for fair commercial dealings, legal liability, property rights (including for some women) and a minimum wage. It closes with pitches by young wannabe entrepreneurs at an event in London, many of them concerned with tackling social problems such as reducing carbon emissions or diagnosing and monitoring medical conditions.

The book falls into roughly three parts: the pre-modern economy up to the early 19th century, the epoch from the Industrial Revolution up to the turning point of 1979 and the modern era of globalisation and its discontents. Several key lenses are turned on the narrative at various points, notably the role of energy, trade and transport, plus the role of government and innovation. This is, needless to say, a vast canvas. Yet Philip Coggan, The Economist’s Bartleby columnist, tells the story with both narrative verve and acute observation.

Take, for example, a chapter on transport networks, a subject that rarely sets the pulse racing. It starts with an image of the main hall of Grand Central Station in New York—familiar to most readers from photographs if not from personal experience—and recounts the fact that in 1961 its owners petitioned to lower the hall’s ceiling to make room for three tiers of bowling alleys overhead. The chapter then plunges the reader into the station’s control room, directing trains on scores of tracks, and the global supply chain that makes trains, signals, lighting and more.

The message that unfolds over the next few pages is the complexity of the modern transport network, and more broadly the evolving role of this vital circulatory system of the world economy. Innovations in transport shape the economy and society. The railways gave mankind synchronised time. The internal combustion engine shaped cities and the built environment. The standardised shipping container made global trade on the modern scale possible.

By the end of the book, “More” has given the reader a vivid sense of the extraordinary achievements of the interwoven modern world economy, with numerous lively anecdotes. It is quite an accomplishment to find the right length to tell a 10,000-year story while including so much relevant detail. Yet, although it ends on an upbeat note, the post-crisis conditions and the political backlash also underline the fragility of the economy—not to mention its environmental cost. You turn the final page wondering if the tale of the next 10,000 years will be an optimistic one.

DIANE COYLE*

*Our policy is to identify the reviewer of any book by or about someone closely connected with The Economist. Diane Coyle is the Bennett Professor of Public Policy at Cambridge University

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Economy

Statistics Canada reports wholesale sales higher in July

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OTTAWA – Statistics Canada says wholesale sales, excluding petroleum, petroleum products, and other hydrocarbons and excluding oilseed and grain, rose 0.4 per cent to $82.7 billion in July.

The increase came as sales in the miscellaneous subsector gained three per cent to reach $10.5 billion in July, helped by strength in the agriculture supplies industry group, which rose 9.2 per cent.

The food, beverage and tobacco subsector added 1.7 per cent to total $15 billion in July.

The personal and household goods subsector fell 2.5 per cent to $12.1 billion.

In volume terms, overall wholesale sales rose 0.5 per cent in July.

Statistics Canada started including oilseed and grain as well as the petroleum and petroleum products subsector as part of wholesale trade last year, but is excluding the data from monthly analysis until there is enough historical data.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 13, 2024.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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B.C.’s debt and deficit forecast to rise as the provincial election nears

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VICTORIA – British Columbia is forecasting a record budget deficit and a rising debt of almost $129 billion less than two weeks before the start of a provincial election campaign where economic stability and future progress are expected to be major issues.

Finance Minister Katrine Conroy, who has announced her retirement and will not seek re-election in the Oct. 19 vote, said Tuesday her final budget update as minister predicts a deficit of $8.9 billion, up $1.1 billion from a forecast she made earlier this year.

Conroy said she acknowledges “challenges” facing B.C., including three consecutive deficit budgets, but expected improved economic growth where the province will start to “turn a corner.”

The $8.9 billion deficit forecast for 2024-2025 is followed by annual deficit projections of $6.7 billion and $6.1 billion in 2026-2027, Conroy said at a news conference outlining the government’s first quarterly financial update.

Conroy said lower corporate income tax and natural resource revenues and the increased cost of fighting wildfires have had some of the largest impacts on the budget.

“I want to acknowledge the economic uncertainties,” she said. “While global inflation is showing signs of easing and we’ve seen cuts to the Bank of Canada interest rates, we know that the challenges are not over.”

Conroy said wildfire response costs are expected to total $886 million this year, more than $650 million higher than originally forecast.

Corporate income tax revenue is forecast to be $638 million lower as a result of federal government updates and natural resource revenues are down $299 million due to lower prices for natural gas, lumber and electricity, she said.

Debt-servicing costs are also forecast to be $344 million higher due to the larger debt balance, the current interest rate and accelerated borrowing to ensure services and capital projects are maintained through the province’s election period, said Conroy.

B.C.’s economic growth is expected to strengthen over the next three years, but the timing of a return to a balanced budget will fall to another minister, said Conroy, who was addressing what likely would be her last news conference as Minister of Finance.

The election is expected to be called on Sept. 21, with the vote set for Oct. 19.

“While we are a strong province, people are facing challenges,” she said. “We have never shied away from taking those challenges head on, because we want to keep British Columbians secure and help them build good lives now and for the long term. With the investments we’re making and the actions we’re taking to support people and build a stronger economy, we’ve started to turn a corner.”

Premier David Eby said before the fiscal forecast was released Tuesday that the New Democrat government remains committed to providing services and supports for people in British Columbia and cuts are not on his agenda.

Eby said people have been hurt by high interest costs and the province is facing budget pressures connected to low resource prices, high wildfire costs and struggling global economies.

The premier said that now is not the time to reduce supports and services for people.

Last month’s year-end report for the 2023-2024 budget saw the province post a budget deficit of $5.035 billion, down from the previous forecast of $5.9 billion.

Eby said he expects government financial priorities to become a major issue during the upcoming election, with the NDP pledging to continue to fund services and the B.C. Conservatives looking to make cuts.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 10, 2024.

Note to readers: This is a corrected story. A previous version said the debt would be going up to more than $129 billion. In fact, it will be almost $129 billion.

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Economy

Mark Carney mum on carbon-tax advice, future in politics at Liberal retreat

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NANAIMO, B.C. – Former Bank of Canada governor Mark Carney says he’ll be advising the Liberal party to flip some the challenges posed by an increasingly divided and dangerous world into an economic opportunity for Canada.

But he won’t say what his specific advice will be on economic issues that are politically divisive in Canada, like the carbon tax.

He presented his vision for the Liberals’ economic policy at the party’s caucus retreat in Nanaimo, B.C. today, after he agreed to help the party prepare for the next election as chair of a Liberal task force on economic growth.

Carney has been touted as a possible leadership contender to replace Justin Trudeau, who has said he has tried to coax Carney into politics for years.

Carney says if the prime minister asks him to do something he will do it to the best of his ability, but won’t elaborate on whether the new adviser role could lead to him adding his name to a ballot in the next election.

Finance Minister Chrystia Freeland says she has been taking advice from Carney for years, and that his new position won’t infringe on her role.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 10, 2024.

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