Division (Division is a law of composition that links the product of the first with two numbers…)
risaria
Super amber.
Retaria
branch
foraminifera Durbini, 1826
Categories Rank (Mathematics in linear algebra, the rank of the vector family is a dimension…) Lower
athalamia
Polythalamia
Xenophyophorea
schizokladia
Evolutionary position
eukaryotes
Clade “Sr”
Straminobilis
risaria
Alviolata
The foraminifera It is the protozoa that appeared in Cambrian (Cambrian spanning from -542 ± 0.3 to …). The test (sometimes called, incorrectly, seashells), comprising one or more rooms (or the place where hostel), with one or more perforations (apertures). They have a way to life (Life is the given name ???? benthic (in and in sediments) or plankton (in a columnWater (Water is a chemical compound found everywhere on Earth, essential to everyone…), especially in the photoperiod). They generally range in size from 38 µm to 1 mm (some can be over 10 cm). they diet (For human cultural diets see Practice…) Consists of bacteria (Bacteria (Bacteria) are prokaryotic unicellular organisms, characterized by …)algae and mollusk larvae, oysters (Crustaceans (Crustaceans) are arthropods, that is, animals whose bodies …)Various waste.
The story of their discovery
Painting from a book by Dorpigny representing foraminifera
In 1826 Alcide Dessalines d’Orbigny (1802-1857) created the order of the foraminifera in a work entitled Systematic Table of Cephalopods. During his lifetime, Orbigny will describe 1,500 species, most of which are new to Science (Science (Latin science, “knowledge”) is, according to the dictionary…). He was the first to study their lifestyle and environmental requirements. But the unicellular nature of foraminifera was discovered by Félix Dujardin (1801-1860) in 1835. It was thanks to their study that he discovered the protoplasm of unicellular organisms.
Classification Basics
The composition of this test (organic, agglutinating, carbonated, siliceous) is the main classification criterion for foraminifera and is the basis of most classifications, including that of Loeblich and Tappan (1964 and 1988). Foraminifera in Organic Tests They are represented mainly by unicellular fascicles, Allogromiina (suborder). This suborder is still poorly known, since lost in fossil assemblages, it has been little studied by microbiologists. However, the Gooday Group in Southampton (UK) is currently trying to catch up, everything (All is understood as all that exists most often as the world or …) At least when you acknowledge them. Foraminifera in Clustered tests Characterized by contamination of grains taken from sediments (cf. Gudrina sp. , foraminifera in the lower left on the proposed tablet). Grain selection can occur in some species (eg Saccammina micaceus, which only offers mica grains). Two types of foraminifera Carbonate Tests can be distinguished. porcelain has a side white (White is the color of an object heated to about 5000°C (see…) Opaque, while hyaline is transparent and glassy. Finally, foraminifera rock tests Extremely rare. The second classification criterion is the design of dressing rooms. Thus, we can distinguish several main types of tests:
One-eye tests
Multiple eye exams:
Sequential tests, the boxes are organized into a series (eg Gudrina s) ;
Spiral tests (eg snails; the other three examples are on the board);
disk tests
Milliform tests. The lodges are formed successively and individually in several planes;
complex tests.
The third criterion is the decoration of the test. The test may be smooth, but often has growths (ribs, spine, suture bridges, etc.) and depressions. Finally, the fourth criterion is the shape and location of the main opening. Thus, the opening is sometimes associated with additional elements (teeth, lips, plates, etc.) and / or the end of the neck.
microfossils (Microfossils are tiny fossils, the study of which requires resources…) Marine sediments containing radioactive globules, spongy nets (small spines), planktonic foraminifera (small white shells) and benthic foraminifera (large white crust in the center of the image, plus small yellow shells made up of lumpy grains of sand). The Diameter (In a circle or sphere, the diameter is a line segment passing through the center…) The average balls are about 0.5 mm. a sample (Generally, a sample is a small amount of material, information, or…) of washed and sieved sediments at 125 µm (East Sea (The term sea covers several facts.) from Weddell, Antarctica).
Possible use of modern foraminifera
Ubiquitous in marine environments, they occupy a large number of ecological niches (from swamp (In geography, a swamp is a kind of landscape formation, with little rest…) marine to the abyssal plains). Because of its short life cycle (1 to 3 Month (A month (from lat. mensis “month”, and formerly plural “menstruation”) is a period of time…) in You know? (Average is a statistical measure that characterizes the elements of a set of…)1 year max), foraminifera react rapidly to changes in environment (Environment is everything that surrounds us. It is all natural elements and…). Their population can increase or decrease, their diversity can change, cells can grow or shrink … pollution (Pollution is defined as what makes the environment unhealthy. The definition varies depending on…) Environmental changes (eg climatic changes) can lead to a drastic shift in foraminifera groups. Thus, its short life cycle and ubiquitous presence in the marine environment, are associated with a great sediment richness (analyses Statistics (Statistics is a formal science, method and technique. It is…) powerful), which is an inexpensive and easy method for analysis and Effect (TRACE is a NASA space telescope designed to study the relationship between…) In the fossil (fossil (derived from the Latin verb noun fodere: fossil, literally…) (Study is allowed before environment modification) Make foraminifera, particularly benthic ones, good biomarkers of environmental quality or agents of environmental changes.
TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — A rare Bronze-Era jar accidentally smashed by a 4-year-old visiting a museum was back on display Wednesday after restoration experts were able to carefully piece the artifact back together.
Last month, a family from northern Israel was visiting the museum when their youngest son tipped over the jar, which smashed into pieces.
Alex Geller, the boy’s father, said his son — the youngest of three — is exceptionally curious, and that the moment he heard the crash, “please let that not be my child” was the first thought that raced through his head.
The jar has been on display at the Hecht Museum in Haifa for 35 years. It was one of the only containers of its size and from that period still complete when it was discovered.
The Bronze Age jar is one of many artifacts exhibited out in the open, part of the Hecht Museum’s vision of letting visitors explore history without glass barriers, said Inbal Rivlin, the director of the museum, which is associated with Haifa University in northern Israel.
It was likely used to hold wine or oil, and dates back to between 2200 and 1500 B.C.
Rivlin and the museum decided to turn the moment, which captured international attention, into a teaching moment, inviting the Geller family back for a special visit and hands-on activity to illustrate the restoration process.
Rivlin added that the incident provided a welcome distraction from the ongoing war in Gaza. “Well, he’s just a kid. So I think that somehow it touches the heart of the people in Israel and around the world,“ said Rivlin.
Roee Shafir, a restoration expert at the museum, said the repairs would be fairly simple, as the pieces were from a single, complete jar. Archaeologists often face the more daunting task of sifting through piles of shards from multiple objects and trying to piece them together.
Experts used 3D technology, hi-resolution videos, and special glue to painstakingly reconstruct the large jar.
Less than two weeks after it broke, the jar went back on display at the museum. The gluing process left small hairline cracks, and a few pieces are missing, but the jar’s impressive size remains.
The only noticeable difference in the exhibit was a new sign reading “please don’t touch.”
VICTORIA – The British Columbia government is partnering with a bear welfare group to reduce the number of bears being euthanized in the province.
Nicholas Scapillati, executive director of Grizzly Bear Foundation, said Monday that it comes after months-long discussions with the province on how to protect bears, with the goal to give the animals a “better and second chance at life in the wild.”
Scapillati said what’s exciting about the project is that the government is open to working with outside experts and the public.
“So, they’ll be working through Indigenous knowledge and scientific understanding, bringing in the latest techniques and training expertise from leading experts,” he said in an interview.
B.C. government data show conservation officers destroyed 603 black bears and 23 grizzly bears in 2023, while 154 black bears were killed by officers in the first six months of this year.
Scapillati said the group will publish a report with recommendations by next spring, while an independent oversight committee will be set up to review all bear encounters with conservation officers to provide advice to the government.
Environment Minister George Heyman said in a statement that they are looking for new ways to ensure conservation officers “have the trust of the communities they serve,” and the panel will make recommendations to enhance officer training and improve policies.
Lesley Fox, with the wildlife protection group The Fur-Bearers, said they’ve been calling for such a committee for decades.
“This move demonstrates the government is listening,” said Fox. “I suspect, because of the impending election, their listening skills are potentially a little sharper than they normally are.”
Fox said the partnership came from “a place of long frustration” as provincial conservation officers kill more than 500 black bears every year on average, and the public is “no longer tolerating this kind of approach.”
“I think that the conservation officer service and the B.C. government are aware they need to change, and certainly the public has been asking for it,” said Fox.
Fox said there’s a lot of optimism about the new partnership, but, as with any government, there will likely be a lot of red tape to get through.
“I think speed is going to be important, whether or not the committee has the ability to make change and make change relatively quickly without having to study an issue to death, ” said Fox.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 9, 2024.
The European Space Agency is fast-tracking a new mission called Ramses, which will fly to near-Earth asteroid 99942 Apophis and join the space rock in 2029 when it comes very close to our planet — closer even than the region where geosynchronous satellites sit.
Ramses is short for Rapid Apophis Mission for Space Safety and, as its name suggests, is the next phase in humanity’s efforts to learn more about near-Earth asteroids (NEOs) and how we might deflect them should one ever be discovered on a collision course with planet Earth.
In order to launch in time to rendezvous with Apophis in February 2029, scientists at the European Space Agency have been given permission to start planning Ramses even before the multinational space agency officially adopts the mission. The sanctioning and appropriation of funding for the Ramses mission will hopefully take place at ESA’s Ministerial Council meeting (involving representatives from each of ESA’s member states) in November of 2025. To arrive at Apophis in February 2029, launch would have to take place in April 2028, the agency says.
This is a big deal because large asteroids don’t come this close to Earth very often. It is thus scientifically precious that, on April 13, 2029, Apophis will pass within 19,794 miles (31,860 kilometers) of Earth. For comparison, geosynchronous orbit is 22,236 miles (35,786 km) above Earth’s surface. Such close fly-bys by asteroids hundreds of meters across (Apophis is about 1,230 feet, or 375 meters, across) only occur on average once every 5,000 to 10,000 years. Miss this one, and we’ve got a long time to wait for the next.
When Apophis was discovered in 2004, it was for a short time the most dangerous asteroid known, being classified as having the potential to impact with Earth possibly in 2029, 2036, or 2068. Should an asteroid of its size strike Earth, it could gouge out a crater several kilometers across and devastate a country with shock waves, flash heating and earth tremors. If it crashed down in the ocean, it could send a towering tsunami to devastate coastlines in multiple countries.
Over time, as our knowledge of Apophis’ orbit became more refined, however, the risk of impact greatly went down. Radar observations of the asteroid in March of 2021 reduced the uncertainty in Apophis’ orbit from hundreds of kilometers to just a few kilometers, finally removing any lingering worries about an impact — at least for the next 100 years. (Beyond 100 years, asteroid orbits can become too unpredictable to plot with any accuracy, but there’s currently no suggestion that an impact will occur after 100 years.) So, Earth is expected to be perfectly safe in 2029 when Apophis comes through. Still, scientists want to see how Apophis responds by coming so close to Earth and entering our planet’s gravitational field.
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“There is still so much we have yet to learn about asteroids but, until now, we have had to travel deep into the solar system to study them and perform experiments ourselves to interact with their surface,” said Patrick Michel, who is the Director of Research at CNRS at Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur in Nice, France, in a statement. “Nature is bringing one to us and conducting the experiment itself. All we need to do is watch as Apophis is stretched and squeezed by strong tidal forces that may trigger landslides and other disturbances and reveal new material from beneath the surface.”
The Goldstone radar’s imagery of asteroid 99942 Apophis as it made its closest approach to Earth, in March 2021. (Image credit: NASA/JPL–Caltech/NSF/AUI/GBO)
By arriving at Apophis before the asteroid’s close encounter with Earth, and sticking with it throughout the flyby and beyond, Ramses will be in prime position to conduct before-and-after surveys to see how Apophis reacts to Earth. By looking for disturbances Earth’s gravitational tidal forces trigger on the asteroid’s surface, Ramses will be able to learn about Apophis’ internal structure, density, porosity and composition, all of which are characteristics that we would need to first understand before considering how best to deflect a similar asteroid were one ever found to be on a collision course with our world.
Besides assisting in protecting Earth, learning about Apophis will give scientists further insights into how similar asteroids formed in the early solar system, and, in the process, how planets (including Earth) formed out of the same material.
One way we already know Earth will affect Apophis is by changing its orbit. Currently, Apophis is categorized as an Aten-type asteroid, which is what we call the class of near-Earth objects that have a shorter orbit around the sun than Earth does. Apophis currently gets as far as 0.92 astronomical units (137.6 million km, or 85.5 million miles) from the sun. However, our planet will give Apophis a gravitational nudge that will enlarge its orbit to 1.1 astronomical units (164.6 million km, or 102 million miles), such that its orbital period becomes longer than Earth’s.
It will then be classed as an Apollo-type asteroid.
Ramses won’t be alone in tracking Apophis. NASA has repurposed their OSIRIS-REx mission, which returned a sample from another near-Earth asteroid, 101955 Bennu, in 2023. However, the spacecraft, renamed OSIRIS-APEX (Apophis Explorer), won’t arrive at the asteroid until April 23, 2029, ten days after the close encounter with Earth. OSIRIS-APEX will initially perform a flyby of Apophis at a distance of about 2,500 miles (4,000 km) from the object, then return in June that year to settle into orbit around Apophis for an 18-month mission.
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Furthermore, the European Space Agency still plans on launching its Hera spacecraft in October 2024 to follow-up on the DART mission to the double asteroid Didymos and Dimorphos. DART impacted the latter in a test of kinetic impactor capabilities for potentially changing a hazardous asteroid’s orbit around our planet. Hera will survey the binary asteroid system and observe the crater made by DART’s sacrifice to gain a better understanding of Dimorphos’ structure and composition post-impact, so that we can place the results in context.
The more near-Earth asteroids like Dimorphos and Apophis that we study, the greater that context becomes. Perhaps, one day, the understanding that we have gained from these missions will indeed save our planet.
