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What the decline of mountain snow cover means for Canada

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This winter brought a healthy snowpack to many mountain peaks in North America.

California experienced record snow, at times burying communities and ski hills and in Canada, skiers and snowboarders enjoyed the powder this season, with British Columbia experiencing a flush of late-season snow putting snowpacks right around normal.

But despite this snowy winter in the mountains, climate change is taking its toll on our slopes.

So how is our mountain snow changing, what can we expect going forward, and what does that mean for our water supply?

Global trends in snow

Claudia Notarnicola is a researcher with Eurac, a private research centre based in Italy. She has studied how mountain snowpacks across the globe have changed over the past 40 years.

Notarnicola said that in her research, which examined mountain snow cover between 1982 and 2020, there were wild swings in snow year-to-year, but a clear long-term trend.

A woman stands smiling in front of a map featuring mountains.
Claudia Notarnicola has been studying how mountain snow cover has changed over the past 40 years. (Annelie Bortolotti/Eurac Research)

“There is a general decrease, but the variability is very high,” she said when talking about snow cover of global mountain ranges.

Notarnicola’s research shows a decrease of around 3.6 per cent in yearly snow cover, and an average drop in 15 days for snow cover duration globally.

Though North America showed high variability, with pockets of increased snowfall at lower elevations, the overall picture is dominated by snow cover decline and a delayed start in the season with an earlier spring melt.

“There is a correlation between snow coverage and snow coverage duration, but I’d say the duration seems to be more affected,” she said.

But the decline goes beyond the past 40 years.

Snow in the Canadian Rockies

John Pomeroy, Canada Research Chair in water resources and climate change at the University of Saskatchewan, says the snow-cover period in the Canadian Rockies has declined by anywhere from four to six weeks since the early 1970s.

This decline is in part due to faster snow melts in the spring and warmer falls, but is also affected by lower snowpack levels.

While snowpacks are harder to keep track of accurately as they require in-person surveying, Pomery says that in the regions he has studied, there are noticeable trends, including in the Kananaskis Valley.

Blue sky and clouds hover above snow covered mountain peaks.
Though there is a lot of variation in snow cover year-to-year, our Rocky Mountains are seeing four to six weeks less of snow cover on average since the 70s. (Caitlin Hanson/CBC)

“Our higher elevation snowpacks were holding, and even our middle elevation snowpacks were holding. But at the lowest valley bottom, we do have much less snow than we used to,” he said.

That stability at high elevations is thanks in part to Canada’s colder climate, which is different from what is experienced in the United States or the Alps, according to Pomeroy.

“[There] the higher elevations are affected by climate warming in terms of melting the snow, earlier or causing less snow over the winter, but we haven’t seen that at all in the Canadian Rockies yet.”

And with shorter winters set to continue, Pomeroy says the ripple effects will become more pronounced in Alberta’s mountains.

“We see shorter and shorter snow seasons and less than half of the current snowpack in the valley bottoms going forward, virtually none in some years,” he said.

“In the middle elevations we see a fairly large drop in snowpack dropping to about half, but at the highest elevations there’s a shorter snow season, but the peak snowpack is about the same.”

Implications downstream

Despite more stability on the Canadian Rockies’ highest peaks, our shifts in mountain snow will have an effect on those relying on that water.

Pomeroy says the eastern slopes are critical for water supply for cities, irrigation, hydroelectric power and for the ecosystem.

Going forward Pomeroy says shorter seasons will mean a shift in timing for prairie river flows from the peak in June to late in April or even early May.

Pine trees surround a river as it winds through the mountains.
Mountain fed rivers like the Athabasca will see a change in when peak flow occurs, and more water stress late in the season as climate change continues. (Caitlin Hanson/CBC)

Those rivers will also face a lot of variability, with higher streamflows in the winter and early spring with lower stream flows without glacier support in the hot and dry summers.

“The snowpack acted as a reliable reservoir to hold water and release it even in the hot dry years and the glacier is very much the same feature,” he said.

“As we lose glaciers and lose some of our low elevation snowpack, we lose the dampening of stream flow that we’ve had and the reliability that it will always peak in the spring and drop off in the summer.”

“We have quite a few decades of very serious problems ahead of us no matter what we do and we’re going to have to manage our waters very sensibly to achieve any kind of water sustainability,” he said.

Pomeroy said that this management can include using water more efficiently and storing water that flushes into the system earlier to use during irrigation later on.


Our planet is changing. So is our journalism. This story is part of a CBC News initiative entitled “Our Changing Planet” to show and explain the effects of climate change. Keep up with the latest news on our Climate and Environment page.

 

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B.C. court allows police to apply to dispose of evidence from Robert Pickton’s farm

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VANCOUVER – A B.C. Supreme Court judge says it has jurisdiction to order the disposal of thousands of pieces of evidence seized from serial killer Robert Pickton’s pig farm decades ago, whether it was used in his murder trial or not.

A ruling issued online Wednesday said the RCMP can apply to dispose of some 15,000 pieces of evidence collected from the search of Pickton’s property in Port Coquitlam, including “items determined to belong to victims.”

Police asked the court for directions last year to be allowed to dispose of the mountain of evidence gathered in the case against Pickton, who was convicted of the second-degree murder of six women, although he was originally charged with first-degree murder of 27 women.

Pickton died in May after being attacked in a Quebec prison.

Some family members of victims disputed the disposal because they have a pending civil lawsuit against Pickton’s estate and his brother, David Pickton, Yand want to ensure that the evidence they need to prove their case is not dispersed or destroyed.

The court dismissed their bid to intervene in July this year, and the court has now ruled it has the authority to order the disposal of the evidence whether it was used at Pickton’s trial or not.

The ruling says police plan to “bring a series of applications” for court orders allowing them to get rid of the evidence because they are “legally obligated to dispose of the property” since it’s no longer needed in any investigation or criminal proceeding.

Justice Frits Verhoeven says in his ruling that there may be reason to doubt if the court has jurisdiction over items seized from the farm that had not be made exhibits.

But he said that will be a decision for later, noting “the question as to whether the court retains inherent jurisdiction to order disposal of seized items may remain to be considered, if necessary, in some other case.”

Jason Gratl, the lawyer representing family members of victims in the civil cases against the Pickton brothers, said in an interview Wednesday that the latest court decision doesn’t mean exhibits will be destroyed.

“Any concern about the destruction of the evidence is premature. Just because the court will hear the application to allow the RCMP to destroy the evidence does not mean that the court would grant the application,” he said.

Gratl said that if the RCMP brings an application to get rid of evidence that could be useful in proving the civil cases, he would ask the court for the evidence.

“We would be seeking to take possession of any evidence that the RCMP no longer wants in order to prove that civil claim,” he said.

Gratl said no date has been set for when the civil cases will be heard.

The court’s earlier ruling says the RCMP has agreed to allow some of the civil case plaintiffs “limited participation” in the disposal application process, agreeing to notify them if police identify an “ownership or property interest in the items” that they’re applying to destroy.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Nov. 6, 2024.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.



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Democrats devastated by Vice-President Kamala Harris’ defeat |

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Supporters of Vice-President Kamala Harris say they are devastated the Democratic party leader lost the United States presidential election. Harris was set to address Democrats at her alma mater Howard University in Washington, D.C. after conceding the race in a phone call with Donald Trump. (Nov. 6, 2024)



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Democrat Elissa Slotkin wins Michigan’s open Senate seat, defeating the GOP’s Mike Rogers

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DETROIT (AP) — Democratic U.S. Rep. Elissa Slotkin has won Michigan’s open U.S. Senate seat, giving Democrats a bittersweet victory in a swing state that also backed Republican President-elect Donald Trump in his successful bid to return to the White House.

Slotkin, a third-term representative, defeated former Republican congressman Mike Rogers. Democrats have held both Senate seats in Michigan for decades, but this year were left without retiring incumbent Sen. Debbie Stabenow.

Michigan’s was among a handful of Senate races Democrats struggled to defend. They lost their U.S. Senate majority despite Slotkin’s narrow win.

The race was incredibly close. Just minutes before it was called for Slotkin, she addressed supporters in Detroit, acknowledging that many voters may have cast their ballots for her while also supporting Trump, who won the state’s electoral votes over Democrat Kamala Harris.

“It’s my responsibility to get things done for Michiganders. No matter who’s in office, just as I did in President Trump’s first term,” said Slotkin. “I’m a problem solver and I will work with anyone who is actually here to work.”

Slotkin’s win provides some solace for Democrats in the state, many of whom entered Election Day with high confidence following sweeping victories in the 2022 midterms. Democrat Gov. Gretchen Whitmer still controls the executive branch and Democrats held onto the Senate, but their state House majority was in peril.

And Republicans also captured a mid-Michigan seat vacated by Slotkin, considered one of the most competitive races in the country.

Slotkin, a former CIA analyst and third-term representative, launched her Senate campaign shortly after Democratic Sen. Debbie Stabenow announced her retirement in early 2023. With a largely uncontested primary, Slotkin built a significant fundraising advantage and poured it into advertising. Her high-profile supporters included former President Barack Obama and Stabenow, who helped her on the campaign trail.

On the Republican side, Rogers faced multiple challengers for the party’s nomination, including former Reps. Justin Amash and Peter Meijer, the latter of whom withdrew before the Aug. 6 primary. Rogers served in the U.S. House from 2001 to 2015 and chaired the House Intelligence Committee.

Trump won Michigan in 2016 by just over 10,000 votes, marking the first time a Republican presidential candidate had secured the state in nearly three decades. This time, he expanded that margin to about 80,000 votes.

Slotkin and other Michigan Democrats focused much of their campaigns on reproductive rights, arguing that Republican opponents would back a national abortion ban, although Rogers said he wouldn’t. How effectively the issue motivated voting in a state where reproductive rights were enshrined in the constitution by Michigan voters in 2022 remained to be seen on Election Day.

About 4 in 10 Michigan voters said the economy and jobs is the top issue facing the country, according to AP VoteCast, a sweeping survey of more than 110,000 voters nationally, including about 3,700 voters in Michigan. About 2 in 10 Michigan voters said immigration is the most pressing issue, and roughly 1 in 10 named abortion.

Slotkin used her funding advantage to establish her narrative early, aiming to connect both with her base and disillusioned Republicans.

“For the Republicans who feel like their party has left them over the last few years, you will always have an open door in my office,” Slotkin said during their only debate.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.



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