Amid rising housing prices and a shortage of housing supply, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said responsibility on the matter lays mostly with the provinces and territories, but experts say the federal government is playing a larger role in shaping housing policy in Canada.
At a housing announcement in Hamilton on Monday, Trudeau said the issue is mostly provincial jurisdiction.
“I’ll be blunt as well — housing isn’t a primary federal responsibility. It’s not something that we have direct carriage of,” he said.
“But it is something that we can and must help with.”
Housing has become a major political issue as prices continue to rise. The Canadian Real Estate Association reported earlier this year that the average price of a home in Canada is $716,000.
Poilievre has pledged to withhold federal infrastructure funding to municipalities that block housing developments.
WATCH | 3 levels of government trade barbs over who should fix housing crisis
3 levels of government trade barbs over who should fix housing crisis
15 hours ago
Duration 2:11
Two Alberta mayors and the province’s housing minister are calling for their ‘fair share’ of federal funds for affordable housing. It comes as the prime minister trades barbs with Conservatives over who should have done more to fix Canada’s housing policy.
Trudeau said he’d like to see more of an effort from the Ontario government.
“I’d love to be able to share this stage right now, not just with the mayor of Hamilton, but with the province,” Trudeau said.
“They need to be stepping up as well, particularly on affordable housing. That is something that the federal government is taking very seriously, but we need all of us to be working together on [it], and that’s what we’re here to continue to do.”
But experts told CBC News that while Trudeau’s remarks are technically accurate, they simplify a complex issue on which Ottawa could be doing a better job.
Ottawa moving into housing file: experts
The Constitution or legislation sometimes explicitly states which level of government is responsible for a particular issue, but this is not the case with housing.
“If you read the Constitution, the word housing doesn’t appear in there,” said Steve Pomeroy, an industry professor and executive advisor at the Canadian Housing Evidence Collaborative at McMaster University.
“However, jurisprudence has generally interpreted the Constitution that matters of local things are seen as being provincial jurisdiction. So the legal interpretation of the Constitution in a very strict review would allocate responsibility for housing to the provinces.”
But the federal government controls many institutions and areas of policy which affect the price and availability of housing in Canada, Pomeroy said, such as federal fiscal policy and bank regulation.
The Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), which is responsible for implementing Canada’s National Housing Act, is a federal crown corporation. CMHC says it “exists for a single reason: to make housing affordable for everyone in Canada,” according to its website. The organization provides mortgage insurance, sets rules for who can qualify for mortgage insurance, collects data about housing in Canada, and more.
Nova Scotia MP Sean Fraser arrives for a cabinet swearing-in ceremony at Rideau Hall in Ottawa on July 26. Fraser became the minister responsible for housing following a cabinet shuffle. (Justin Tang/The Canadian Press)
Ottawa’s desire to be involved in the housing sector has fluctuated over the decades, Pomeroy said, adding that the Trudeau government has wanted to play a bigger role.
The government developed a National Housing Strategy, which includes a plan to build up to 160,000 new homes and cut chronic homelessness in half. It’s also campaigned on a number of housing policies, such as a fund for municipalities that are looking to boost housing supply, as well as a first-time home buyers savings account and a new tax for foreign buyers.
“The pendulum has swung all the way back to a very proactive federal role, notwithstanding the fact that the Constitution doesn’t actually give them the responsibility to be there,” Pomeroy said.
But Lydia Miljan, a political science professor at the University of Windsor, said federal parties and governments campaigning outside their jurisdiction is far from unprecedented. She added that money is a factor as well, as the federal government has the largest budget.
“The federal government has the power of the purse,” she said.
“And so historically they have done things to make housing more affordable, either by providing housing for low income Canadians through rent subsidies or through social housing.”
Pomeroy agreed.
“To some extent people do look toward the federal government mainly because it’s the level of government with the greatest fiscal powers,” he said.
“The challenge for cities is that they simply don’t have the revenue capacity. Building affordable housing or social housing is a very expensive proposition.”
Steve Pomeroy of the Canadian Housing Evidence Collaborative says the federal government is taking on more of a role when it comes to housing — but it’s not necessarily helping much. (Prabhjot Singh Lotey/CBC)
The government values the National Housing Strategy at more than $82 billion, though some of that money is loans rather than new spending.
But Pomeroy said the federal government needs to be held responsible for flaws in its approach to housing.
“To be perfectly frank, I think they haven’t done a very good job, even though they’ve started spending a lot of money,” he said.
“The way they’ve designed initiatives, they’ve been very cumbersome.”
Pomeroy said a better approach would have been to leave responsibility for housing programs with the provinces while boosting federal funding and slowly increasing the federal role over time.
Immigration vs. housing supply
Immigration, an area of federal jurisdiction, has also been a contentious issue when it comes to housing. Canada welcomed 437,180 newcomers in 2022, and the record number of immigrants is a factor pushing up demand for housing.
“You can’t just dump a bunch of newcomers in Canada when we have a housing shortage, and expect the provinces to sort of pick up the slack,” Miljan said.
Pomeroy said he’d like to see better collaboration between the federal government and the provinces, but added he thinks Ottawa has already gone too far into provincial jurisdiction when it comes to housing.
“I think to some extent the federal government is its own worst enemy on this one,” he said.
FREDERICTON – A look at David Coon, leader of the Green Party of New Brunswick:
Born: Oct. 28, 1956.
Early years: Born in Toronto and raised in Montreal, he spent about three decades as an environmental advocate.
Education: A trained biologist, he graduated with a bachelor of science from McGill University in Montreal in 1978.
Family: He and his wife Janice Harvey have two daughters, Caroline and Laura.
Before politics: Worked as an environmental educator, organizer, activist and manager for 33 years, mainly with the Conservation Council of New Brunswick.
Politics: Joined the Green Party of Canada in May 2006 and was elected leader of the New Brunswick Green Party in September 2012. Won a seat in the legislature in 2014 — a first for the province’s Greens.
Quote: “It was despicable. He’s clearly decided to take the low road in this campaign, to adopt some Trump-lite fearmongering.” — David Coon on Sept. 12, 2024, reacting to Blaine Higgs’s claim that the federal government had decided to send 4,600 asylum seekers to New Brunswick.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 19, 2024.
FREDERICTON – A look at Blaine Higgs, leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick.
Born: March 1, 1954.
Early years: The son of a customs officer, he grew up in Forest City, N.B., near the Canada-U.S. border.
Education: Graduated from the University of New Brunswick with a degree in mechanical engineering in 1977.
Family: Married his high-school sweetheart, Marcia, and settled in Saint John, N.B., where they had four daughters: Lindsey, Laura, Sarah and Rachel.
Before politics: Hired by Irving Oil a week after he graduated from university and was eventually promoted to director of distribution. Worked for 33 years at the company.
Politics: Elected to the legislature in 2010 and later served as finance minister under former Progressive Conservative Premier David Alward. Elected Tory leader in 2016 and has been premier since 2018.
Quote: “I’ve always felt parents should play the main role in raising children. No one is denying gender diversity is real. But we need to figure out how to manage it.” — Blaine Higgs in a year-end interview in 2023, explaining changes to school policies about gender identity.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 19, 2024.
OTTAWA – The pressing issues of climate change and food security join more familiar ones like violent extremism and espionage on a new list of Canada’s intelligence priorities.
The federal government says publishing the list of priorities for the first time is an important step toward greater transparency.
The government revises the priorities every two years, based on recommendations from the national security adviser and the intelligence community.
Once the priorities are reviewed and approved by the federal cabinet, key ministers issue directives to federal agencies that produce intelligence.
Among the priorities are the security of global health, food, water and biodiversity, as well as the issues of climate change and global sustainability.
The new list also includes foreign interference and malign influence, cyberthreats, infrastructure security, Arctic sovereignty, border integrity and transnational organized crime.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 19, 2024.
