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Understanding a company’s executive incentive compensation can highlight investment dangers

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This May 27, 2013 photo shows the head office and logo of Valeant Pharmaceuticals in Montreal. In 2018, Valeant was renamed Bausch Health. Investors, including some large hedge funds, lost billions.Ryan Remiorz/The Associated Press

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There’s nothing like the right incentive to shape behaviour. The person with an upcoming beach vacation is more likely to squeeze a workout into a busy day or look the other way when the dessert trolley comes by.

For advisors and investors to understand a business they’re invested in, it’s important to analyze the firm’s incentive compensation program. This will provide clues on the actions its leaders may take in the future that have the potential to grow shareholder value – or to destroy it.

For example, at Geico, the U.S. auto insurance company owned by Berkshire Hathaway Inc., the compensation system is simple and transparent. It’s designed to create wealth for shareholders.

The incentive program has only two variables expressed numerically, on an X-Y-axis: growth in policies in force and the profitability of the seasoned business. Where they intersect determines the bonus pool for the year. This simple structure incentivizes employees to grow the business’s profitability over the long term.

But just as the right incentives can drive shareholder value, the wrong incentives can derail a business and damage personal and professional reputations.

The notorious case of Valeant Pharmaceuticals is an extreme cautionary example of an executive compensation scheme having unintended consequences.

In early 2008, ValueAct Capital, a small investment firm that was a key Valeant shareholder, recruited Michael Pearson to be its new chief executive officer. Mr. Pearson’s compensation package was designed to encourage him to focus on long-term value creation by giving him exponential bonus payouts for exceptional share price appreciation.

His base salary was a modest US$1-million, and he was obligated to invest US$5-million of his personal funds in Valeant stock. But, based on performance, he stood to make a fortune through the multiplier effect of the incentive program. ValueAct measured performance solely by Valeant’s share price. Mr. Pearson did what he had been incentivized to do – pump up the share price, something he took on with gusto.

By 2015, Valeant Pharmaceuticals had an equity market value of about US$90-billion. From 2015 to 2017, its share price fell more than 90 per cent. What happened? To keep the share price growing, Mr. Pearson pursued deal-making aggressively by buying more than 100 companies, including Canada’s Biovail Corp. He reduced investments in research and development dramatically, cutting costs to the bone. He also raised prices on drugs consistently.

Long story short, by 2016, Mr. Pearson was out. In 2018, Valeant was renamed Bausch Health Cos. Investors, including such large hedge funds as Pershing Square Capital Management, lost billions.

For advisors, understanding both the potential upside and downside of a company’s incentive compensation program should be part of the risk/reward assessment before making an investment.

Here are some of the key factors advisors should consider:

  • Is the compensation incentive program too complex?
  • What is the balance between financial and non-financial rewards?
  • What is the balance between cash and equity?
  • What is the magnitude of the rewards?
  • What is the time horizon for receiving awards – short, medium, or long-term?
  • Are the rewards in alignment with the company’s values and goals?
  • Are the rewards in alignment with the business’s maturity? For example, early-stage companies may skew to growth compared with later-stage businesses that skew to optimization and profitability.

Management that’s incentivized only by financial rewards may exhibit a lack of ethics and take shortcuts to achieve their monetary goals. Hard-won business, personal reputations and shareholder value can be collateral damage.

Sharon Wang is senior equity analyst at PenderFund Capital Management Ltd. Inc. in Vancouver.

 

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Economy

Energy stocks help lift S&P/TSX composite, U.S. stock markets also up

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TORONTO – Canada’s main stock index was higher in late-morning trading, helped by strength in energy stocks, while U.S. stock markets also moved up.

The S&P/TSX composite index was up 34.91 points at 23,736.98.

In New York, the Dow Jones industrial average was up 178.05 points at 41,800.13. The S&P 500 index was up 28.38 points at 5,661.47, while the Nasdaq composite was up 133.17 points at 17,725.30.

The Canadian dollar traded for 73.56 cents US compared with 73.57 cents US on Monday.

The November crude oil contract was up 68 cents at US$69.70 per barrel and the October natural gas contract was up three cents at US$2.40 per mmBTU.

The December gold contract was down US$7.80 at US$2,601.10 an ounce and the December copper contract was up a penny at US$4.28 a pound.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 17, 2024.

Companies in this story: (TSX:GSPTSE, TSX:CADUSD)

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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Economy

S&P/TSX gains almost 100 points, U.S. markets also higher ahead of rate decision

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TORONTO – Strength in the base metal and technology sectors helped Canada’s main stock index gain almost 100 points on Friday, while U.S. stock markets climbed to their best week of the year.

“It’s been almost a complete opposite or retracement of what we saw last week,” said Philip Petursson, chief investment strategist at IG Wealth Management.

In New York, the Dow Jones industrial average was up 297.01 points at 41,393.78. The S&P 500 index was up 30.26 points at 5,626.02, while the Nasdaq composite was up 114.30 points at 17,683.98.

The S&P/TSX composite index closed up 93.51 points at 23,568.65.

While last week saw a “healthy” pullback on weaker economic data, this week investors appeared to be buying the dip and hoping the central bank “comes to the rescue,” said Petursson.

Next week, the U.S. Federal Reserve is widely expected to cut its key interest rate for the first time in several years after it significantly hiked it to fight inflation.

But the magnitude of that first cut has been the subject of debate, and the market appears split on whether the cut will be a quarter of a percentage point or a larger half-point reduction.

Petursson thinks it’s clear the smaller cut is coming. Economic data recently hasn’t been great, but it hasn’t been that bad either, he said — and inflation may have come down significantly, but it’s not defeated just yet.

“I think they’re going to be very steady,” he said, with one small cut at each of their three decisions scheduled for the rest of 2024, and more into 2025.

“I don’t think there’s a sense of urgency on the part of the Fed that they have to do something immediately.

A larger cut could also send the wrong message to the markets, added Petursson: that the Fed made a mistake in waiting this long to cut, or that it’s seeing concerning signs in the economy.

It would also be “counter to what they’ve signaled,” he said.

More important than the cut — other than the new tone it sets — will be what Fed chair Jerome Powell has to say, according to Petursson.

“That’s going to be more important than the size of the cut itself,” he said.

In Canada, where the central bank has already cut three times, Petursson expects two more before the year is through.

“Here, the labour situation is worse than what we see in the United States,” he said.

The Canadian dollar traded for 73.61 cents US compared with 73.58 cents US on Thursday.

The October crude oil contract was down 32 cents at US$68.65 per barrel and the October natural gas contract was down five cents at US$2.31 per mmBTU.

The December gold contract was up US$30.10 at US$2,610.70 an ounce and the December copper contract was up four cents US$4.24 a pound.

— With files from The Associated Press

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 13, 2024.

Companies in this story: (TSX:GSPTSE, TSX:CADUSD)

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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Economy

S&P/TSX composite down more than 200 points, U.S. stock markets also fall

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TORONTO – Canada’s main stock index was down more than 200 points in late-morning trading, weighed down by losses in the technology, base metal and energy sectors, while U.S. stock markets also fell.

The S&P/TSX composite index was down 239.24 points at 22,749.04.

In New York, the Dow Jones industrial average was down 312.36 points at 40,443.39. The S&P 500 index was down 80.94 points at 5,422.47, while the Nasdaq composite was down 380.17 points at 16,747.49.

The Canadian dollar traded for 73.80 cents US compared with 74.00 cents US on Thursday.

The October crude oil contract was down US$1.07 at US$68.08 per barrel and the October natural gas contract was up less than a penny at US$2.26 per mmBTU.

The December gold contract was down US$2.10 at US$2,541.00 an ounce and the December copper contract was down four cents at US$4.10 a pound.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 6, 2024.

Companies in this story: (TSX:GSPTSE, TSX:CADUSD)

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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