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A Unique Computer Program with the Ability to Simulate Cosmic Rays – AZoQuantum

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A computer program created by a global research team can simulate the movement of cosmic rays through space. The goal is to help the researchers unravel the riddle surrounding the origins of cosmic rays. The source of the high-energy radiation that bombards the Earth from space is currently unknown.

The colored lines show how cosmic rays are deflected in magnetic fields. The white straight lines represent a large-scale magnetic field. In addition, small-scale magnetic fields not shown here act on the paths of the particles (colored lines). Image Credit: RUB, Dr. Lukas Merten

Theoretical models are required to understand experimental results; the new computer simulation can provide these. The software is described by a group of RUB scientists in the online edition of the Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, which was released on September 12th, 2022.

Like an Evenly Illuminated Sky during Daytime

Cosmic rays have been studied since their discovery 100 years ago, and scientists have been trying to figure out where they come from.

The issue is that, when seen from Earth, they appear to be equally brightly illuminated—practically everywhere researchers look—as much as the sky does during the day.

This is due to the sun’s light being evenly distributed around the sky due to atmospheric scattering. Cosmic magnetic fields interact with cosmic rays to disperse them as they travel to Earth. From Earth, all researchers can see is a uniformly lighted image—the radiation’s source is unknown.

Particle Trajectories Simulated From Production to Detection

Our program CRPropa enables us to trace the trajectories of particles from their formation to their arrival on Earth – and this for all energies that we can observe from Earth. We can also fully account for the interaction of the particles with matter and photon fields in the Universe.

Julien Dörner, Ph.D. Student, Ruhr-Universität Bochum

The application can simulate the production of neutrinos and gamma rays during cosmic ray interactions and the transmission of cosmic rays.

Unlike cosmic rays, these messenger particles can be observed directly from their sources, as they come to Earth on a straight path. We can also use the software to predict such signatures from neutrinos and gamma rays from distant galaxies such as starbursts or active galaxies,” explains Dr. Patrick Reichherzer, a postdoctoral researcher at RUB.

The simulation program that has been shown today offers the most comprehensive software and opens up new vistas of the cosmos.

We can explore new energy ranges in the simulation that couldn’t fully be captured in such detail with the programs available to date. Most importantly, we can develop a theoretical model that describes the transition from cosmic rays from our Galaxy to a fraction coming from distant galaxies and compare it with observations,” says Professor Karl-Heinz Kampert from the University of Wuppertal.

Theoretical Calculations Essential to Interpret Experimental Data

A multinational team of 17 scientists from Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, Italy, Croatia, England, and Austria worked together to create the simulation program. The RUB is a leading collaborator in the project and has eight researchers.

The project was directed as part of the Collaborative Research Centre (CRC) 1491 “The Interplay of Cosmic Matter,” sponsored by the German Research Foundation.

The publication is a major step towards a quantitative description of the transport and interaction of cosmic rays in three dimensions. CRPropa will significantly contribute to understanding where cosmic rays come from. After all, we need theoretical calculations to help us interpret the variety of data we receive from the various instruments monitoring the cosmos.

Julia Tjus, Professor, CRC spokesperson

Journal Reference:

Batista, R. A., et al. (2022) CRPropa 3.2 — an advanced framework for high-energy particle propagation in extragalactic and galactic spaces. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2022/09/035.

Source: https://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/de

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The body of a Ugandan Olympic athlete who was set on fire by her partner is received by family

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NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) — The body of Ugandan Olympic athlete Rebecca Cheptegei — who died after being set on fire by her partner in Kenya — was received Friday by family and anti-femicide crusaders, ahead of her burial a day later.

Cheptegei’s family met with dozens of activists Friday who had marched to the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital’s morgue in the western city of Eldoret while chanting anti-femicide slogans.

She is the fourth female athlete to have been killed by her partner in Kenya in yet another case of gender-based violence in recent years.

Viola Cheptoo, the founder of Tirop Angels – an organization that was formed in honor of athlete Agnes Tirop, who was stabbed to death in 2021, said stakeholders need to ensure this is the last death of an athlete due to gender-based violence.

“We are here to say that enough is enough, we are tired of burying our sisters due to GBV,” she said.

It was a somber mood at the morgue as athletes and family members viewed Cheptegei’s body which sustained 80% of burns after she was doused with gasoline by her partner Dickson Ndiema. Ndiema sustained 30% burns on his body and later succumbed.

Ndiema and Cheptegei were said to have quarreled over a piece of land that the athlete bought in Kenya, according to a report filed by the local chief.

Cheptegei competed in the women’s marathon at the Paris Olympics less than a month before the attack. She finished in 44th place.

Cheptegei’s father, Joseph, said that the body will make a brief stop at their home in the Endebess area before proceeding to Bukwo in eastern Uganda for a night vigil and burial on Saturday.

“We are in the final part of giving my daughter the last respect,” a visibly distraught Joseph said.

He told reporters last week that Ndiema was stalking and threatening Cheptegei and the family had informed police.

Kenya’s high rates of violence against women have prompted marches by ordinary citizens in towns and cities this year.

Four in 10 women or an estimated 41% of dating or married Kenyan women have experienced physical or sexual violence perpetrated by their current or most recent partner, according to the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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The ancient jar smashed by a 4-year-old is back on display at an Israeli museum after repair

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TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — A rare Bronze-Era jar accidentally smashed by a 4-year-old visiting a museum was back on display Wednesday after restoration experts were able to carefully piece the artifact back together.

Last month, a family from northern Israel was visiting the museum when their youngest son tipped over the jar, which smashed into pieces.

Alex Geller, the boy’s father, said his son — the youngest of three — is exceptionally curious, and that the moment he heard the crash, “please let that not be my child” was the first thought that raced through his head.

The jar has been on display at the Hecht Museum in Haifa for 35 years. It was one of the only containers of its size and from that period still complete when it was discovered.

The Bronze Age jar is one of many artifacts exhibited out in the open, part of the Hecht Museum’s vision of letting visitors explore history without glass barriers, said Inbal Rivlin, the director of the museum, which is associated with Haifa University in northern Israel.

It was likely used to hold wine or oil, and dates back to between 2200 and 1500 B.C.

Rivlin and the museum decided to turn the moment, which captured international attention, into a teaching moment, inviting the Geller family back for a special visit and hands-on activity to illustrate the restoration process.

Rivlin added that the incident provided a welcome distraction from the ongoing war in Gaza. “Well, he’s just a kid. So I think that somehow it touches the heart of the people in Israel and around the world,“ said Rivlin.

Roee Shafir, a restoration expert at the museum, said the repairs would be fairly simple, as the pieces were from a single, complete jar. Archaeologists often face the more daunting task of sifting through piles of shards from multiple objects and trying to piece them together.

Experts used 3D technology, hi-resolution videos, and special glue to painstakingly reconstruct the large jar.

Less than two weeks after it broke, the jar went back on display at the museum. The gluing process left small hairline cracks, and a few pieces are missing, but the jar’s impressive size remains.

The only noticeable difference in the exhibit was a new sign reading “please don’t touch.”

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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B.C. sets up a panel on bear deaths, will review conservation officer training

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VICTORIA – The British Columbia government is partnering with a bear welfare group to reduce the number of bears being euthanized in the province.

Nicholas Scapillati, executive director of Grizzly Bear Foundation, said Monday that it comes after months-long discussions with the province on how to protect bears, with the goal to give the animals a “better and second chance at life in the wild.”

Scapillati said what’s exciting about the project is that the government is open to working with outside experts and the public.

“So, they’ll be working through Indigenous knowledge and scientific understanding, bringing in the latest techniques and training expertise from leading experts,” he said in an interview.

B.C. government data show conservation officers destroyed 603 black bears and 23 grizzly bears in 2023, while 154 black bears were killed by officers in the first six months of this year.

Scapillati said the group will publish a report with recommendations by next spring, while an independent oversight committee will be set up to review all bear encounters with conservation officers to provide advice to the government.

Environment Minister George Heyman said in a statement that they are looking for new ways to ensure conservation officers “have the trust of the communities they serve,” and the panel will make recommendations to enhance officer training and improve policies.

Lesley Fox, with the wildlife protection group The Fur-Bearers, said they’ve been calling for such a committee for decades.

“This move demonstrates the government is listening,” said Fox. “I suspect, because of the impending election, their listening skills are potentially a little sharper than they normally are.”

Fox said the partnership came from “a place of long frustration” as provincial conservation officers kill more than 500 black bears every year on average, and the public is “no longer tolerating this kind of approach.”

“I think that the conservation officer service and the B.C. government are aware they need to change, and certainly the public has been asking for it,” said Fox.

Fox said there’s a lot of optimism about the new partnership, but, as with any government, there will likely be a lot of red tape to get through.

“I think speed is going to be important, whether or not the committee has the ability to make change and make change relatively quickly without having to study an issue to death, ” said Fox.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 9, 2024.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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