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Advancing Gender Equality in Canada Through an Intersectional Approach

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Black Women

Gender equality in Canada is a core national value, but achieving it requires more than simply addressing the gaps between men and women. People experience different barriers based on many elements of their identities, including their sexuality, race, gender identity, ability, and age. Therefore, pursuing true equality means recognizing and meeting the diverse needs of all people. The Canadian Women’s Foundation practices an intersectional approach to feminism, aiming to understand the many ways in which different women are affected by barriers and discrimination that go beyond their gender alone.

An intersectional lens reveals that some women are at higher risk of gender-based violence, have fewer economic opportunities, and face a more significant gender wage gap. These inequalities persist not because these women are not “trying hard enough,” but due to systemic discrimination intertwined with their identities, including race, class, and ability.

The term intersectionality was coined in 1989 by Kimberlé Crenshaw, an American legal scholar and civil rights activist, to explain how race and gender intersect to produce unique barriers for Black women. Crenshaw used the metaphor of a traffic intersection to illustrate how discrimination can come from multiple directions, making it difficult to identify a single cause. Similarly, Black women face discrimination due to a combination of both racism and sexism.

Crenshaw and other Black women scholars and activists highlighted that mainstream feminism often overlooked the unique challenges faced by Black women. They used the concept of intersectionality to address this oversight, emphasizing the need to consider multiple forms of discrimination in feminist discourse. Over time, intersectionality expanded to encompass the overlapping impacts of discrimination based on factors such as race, physical ability, ethnicity, nationality, and socio-economic status.

Intersectionality is crucial for understanding the diverse challenges that women face, particularly in areas such as gender-based violence and poverty. For example, the issue of missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls in Canada is a tragic example of how intersecting barriers, such as the legacy of colonization, residential schools, and marginalizing policies, impact women’s safety and well-being. Indigenous women face higher rates of poverty, unstable housing, and gender-based violence, all of which contribute to their vulnerability.

Statistics show that Indigenous women in Canada are six times more likely to be killed than non-Indigenous women. The final report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls described this violence as a form of genocide and called for an intersectional approach to address the systemic racism and colonialism that contributed to these tragedies. Other groups of women, such as women with disabilities, young women, and women in low-income situations, also face disproportionately higher risks of gender-based violence.

Similarly, when it comes to women’s earnings and financial stability, certain groups face higher rates of poverty and larger wage gaps. For example, 30% of single mothers and 23% of women with disabilities live on a low income in Canada. Racialized women and Indigenous women working full-time jobs earn significantly less than their non-racialized male counterparts. An intersectional approach is necessary to address these economic inequalities and to develop policies that work for all women.

Advancing gender equality requires robust funding and support for intersectional feminist movements. From 2005 to 2015, Canada’s gender equality movement stalled due to a lack of government funding, with more than 30 women’s organizations losing 100% of their funding. However, since 2015, there have been renewed efforts to address gender inequality through initiatives like the Gender Equality Policy, the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls, and movements led by diverse women, such as Idle No More and Black Lives Matter.

Despite these advancements, some gender equality movements have faced criticism for failing to fully embrace intersectionality. For example, the #MeToo movement was critiqued for focusing on high-profile cases of sexual assault while neglecting the experiences of marginalized women with fewer resources. Similarly, some women’s marches have been critiqued for a lack of inclusivity and representation of diverse voices.

Intersectionality is essential for legal systems and governments to fulfill their responsibilities to the public. Data diversity, including race-based data, is a key tool for changing policies and systems to better serve marginalized populations. For example, the Ontario Human Rights Commission has recommended race-based data to measure and reduce racial profiling in police traffic stops. Similarly, Statistics Canada has begun collecting more diverse data through its Gender, Diversity, and Inclusion Department to help policy-makers understand the intersecting barriers that different groups face.

At the provincial level, the Ontario Human Rights Commission applies an intersectional approach to multiple grounds complaints, recognizing that discrimination often occurs at the intersection of race, gender, and other identity factors. The federal government has also committed to incorporating Gender-Based Analysis Plus (GBA+) into its policy- and decision-making processes, recognizing the importance of analyzing the impact of policies on different groups of people based on multiple identity factors.

Being an intersectional feminist ally means advocating for inclusion and diversity, as well as supporting women who face barriers and discrimination that you may not encounter yourself. This can involve using inclusive language, analyzing the diversity of representation in your daily life, and listening to the experiences of people with multiple identities. Intersectionality can also be applied to services, programs, and projects by recognizing the intersecting barriers that different communities face and working to reduce those barriers through inclusive policies and practices.

Intersectionality is a powerful framework for understanding the complex and interconnected forms of discrimination that diverse groups of women face. By applying an intersectional lens to gender equality efforts, Canada can work toward more effective and inclusive policies that address the needs of all women, regardless of their race, ability, or socio-economic status. The road to true gender equality requires a collective effort to dismantle systemic barriers and build a more equitable and just society for all.

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Man hiking near Fairy Creek, B.C., wrongfully arrested by Mounties, review finds

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OTTAWA – The Civilian Review and Complaints Commission for the RCMP says police officers acted unreasonably when they arrested a man who was hiking in British Columbia’s Fairy Creek area in 2021 around the same time as old-growth logging protests.

In a summary of its review of a public complaint, the commission says Mounties demanded to search the hiker at a checkpoint on a public road in September 2021, and arrested him after he refused to leave the area or to be searched.

The commission says the arrest was “groundless,” and the demand to search his backpack was “unfounded.”

The summary says the man had been lawfully using the forest service road where he encountered police who were trying to keep people out of “exclusion zones” set up by the RCMP’s Community-Industry Response Group.

It says he was also not obligated to identify himself or submit to a police search after coming upon Mounties who refused to identify themselves by name, only reading out their badge numbers “quickly” and refused to repeat them.

The commission says the police acted unreasonably enforcing the exclusion zones in Fairy Creek, removing their name tags, while one office wore a “thin blue line” patch against RCMP uniform policy.

Police actions in Fairy Creek have been sharply criticized by a B.C. Supreme Court judge for overstepping the terms of a court injunction granted to Teal Jones in 2021 after logging activity in the ecologically sensitive area set off protests, leading to hundreds of arrests.

The Civilian Review and Complaints Commission for the RCMP says it continues to review the actions of the Mounties’ community industry response group in a “systemic investigation,” after the B.C. judge threw out numerous cases against logging protesters for police failures in properly enforcing the court injunction.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 11, 2024.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.



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Experts say Harris dominated in debate performance against Trump

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PHILADELPHIA – Political experts say Kamala Harris was able to dominate Donald Trump by prodding the former Republican president over the crowd sizes at his rallies and the 2020 loss during a debate in Philadelphia Tuesday evening.

“Harris going in had the most to gain and also the most to lose,” said Allison Prasch, an expert on U.S. presidential rhetoric at the University of Wisconsin.

“I think she came in and really delivered an effective debate performance.”

Tuesday’s matchup saw Harris push the former president on his record and bait him into tirades far from Trump’s intended goals of focusing on immigration and the economy.

The former president’s strategy is always to dominate the discussion and the stage, said former Republican strategist Chip Felkel. Harris was able to rattle Trump, Felkel added, and put her courtroom experience on display.

“I think for the first time in his political life since 2015 somebody figured out how to push back,” Felkel said. “Not only to push back, but to dominate.”

Trump criticized Harris’s record, and her changing stance on issues like fracking and immigration.

Prasch said Trump’s most effective criticism came during his closing argument, when he criticized Harris for not being able to achieve her current election promises in the more than three years she’s been vice-president with the Biden administration. At that point, Prasch said, it was likely too little, too late.

Harris stayed focused and gave clear answers throughout the more than 90-minute debate. She also used her face and body to demonstrate when she thought statements from Trump were absurd or wrong, including the former president’s unsubstantiated claims that immigrants in Ohio are eating their neighbours’ dogs and cats.

“I think she gave a killer performance,” said Saleena Temple, who attended a Democrat-organized watch party.

“I appreciate how she addressed him and put him in his place but in a tactful manner, a professional manner, a political manner. She looked presidential.”

While Trump said he thought it was his best debate performance, Harris was rewarded at the end of the night with an endorsement from pop juggernaut Taylor Swift.

At a watch party a few blocks from where the debate was taking place, Matthew Lamorgese, chairman of the Philadelphia Young Republicans, said he believes voters know they can count on Trump’s record.

“Under Donald Trump, we had a strong economy, low inflation, and a secure border,” Lamorgese said. “We had world peace …. That’s what you are going to see.”

Experts say Harris has proven a problematic opponent for Trump so far on the campaign trail. Lamorgese said he wasn’t worried about the vice-president’s performance against the Republican former president.

“Kamala has a different set of issues but issues nonetheless,” Lamorgese said.

Tuesday’s debate was a stark contrast to the first presidential debate in June, where Trump easily dominated an unclear and uneasy performance by Joe Biden, which ultimately led to the president dropping from the race.

The race for the White House remains razor thin after a tumultuous summer that has included an assassination attempt of the former president and a wholly reimagined Democratic ticket.

Experts say many would-be voters are just starting to tune in to the campaigns.

Pennsylvania, where the debate took place, has become the forefront battleground state where both parties are trying to gain favour. Trump took it in 2016 before it swung back to Biden in 2020 — both by narrow margins.

Matthew Lebo, a specialist in U.S. politics at Western University in London, Ont., said Harris may see a bump in approval after the debate but she still has a lot of work to do ensuring voters know her policies and personality ahead of November.

The debate was light on policy particulars. Trump continued his threats to not defend NATO members that don’t meet the alliance’s defence spending targets, of which Canada is one.

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau promised in July to meet the spending target, which is the equivalent of two per cent of gross domestic product, by 2032.

Harris talked about America’s ongoing support for the defence alliance and criticized Trump’s relationship with Vladimir Putin and close ties to Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán.

Whoever wins the election will be in power during the review of the Canada-United States-Mexico trade pact in 2026.

Harris was one of 10 U.S. senators to vote against the trilateral agreement under Trump, saying it didn’t do enough to protect American workers or the environment.

Trump repeated his plans to increase tariffs on imports and Harris spoke about ensuring American jobs remain in the U.S.

“Tariffs would certainly hurt trade with Canada if he ever went through with that,” Lebo said.

Canadians should be most concerned about Trump’s continued denials of responsibility for any role in the Jan. 6 attack on Capitol Hill and what that means for democracy, Lebo said.

“That’s just dangerous and Canadians, on the border of the United States, need a stable democracy there,” Lebo said.

“And he’s just undermining that.”

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 11, 2024.

— With files from The Associated Press



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Tyreek Hill says he could have handled his traffic stop better but he still wants the officer fired

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MIAMI GARDENS, Fla. (AP) — Miami Dolphins wide receiver Tyreek Hill acknowledged Wednesday that he could have handled himself better in the initial moments of a weekend traffic stop that left him handcuffed and pulled out of his car by police officers near the team’s stadium.

Hill also said he wants one of the officers involved in the incident dismissed from the police force.

Hill said he wishes he did some things “a bit differently” on Sunday morning, including leaving the window of his car down when officers instructed him to do so. He rolled up the window instead. The incident escalated quickly from there.

“I will say I could have been better,” Hill said. “I could have let down my window in that instant. But the thing about me is, I don’t want attention. I don’t want to be cameras-out, phones-on-you in that moment. But at the end of the day, I’m human. I’ve got to follow rules. I’ve got to do what everyone else would do.

“Now, does that give them the right to literally beat the dog out of me? Absolutely not,” Hill continued. “But at the end of the day, I wish I could go back and do things a bit differently.”

Miami-Dade Police Director Stephanie Daniels launched an internal affairs investigation on Sunday afternoon and one officer was transferred to administrative duties. That officer, Danny Torres, wants to be immediately reinstated, his attorney said this week. Meanwhile, the Dolphins have said they want “swift and strong action” against all the officers involved.

Hill did not mince words when detailing what action he thinks should be taken against the officer.

“Gone. Gone. Gone. Gone. Gone. He’s gotta go, man,” Hill said. “In that instant right there, not only did he treat me bad, but he also treated my teammates with disrespect. He had some crazy words towards them and they didn’t even do nothing. Like, what did they do to you? They’re just walking on the sidewalk. He’s got to go, man.”

Hill was pulled from his car near the team’s stadium less than three hours before kickoff of Miami’s Week 1 game. He was placed on the ground and handcuffed, and teammate Calais Campbell — who drove by the scene and stopped in an effort to play peacemaker — also was handcuffed by police during the incident.

Hill was cited for careless driving and failing to wear a seatbelt.

The Dolphins play the Buffalo Bills on Thursday night, and Hill said he would use the game as therapy, an escape from thinking about the incident. He said he would not take a knee — a move many players have used in recent years to protest police brutality — or call for the defunding of police. Hill has said several times in recent days that he has respect for police officers, and he intends to pursue work in law enforcement when his playing days end.

“Right now, what I’m focused on is my job and that’s to play football,” Hill said. “That’s all I can be, the best football player I can be.”

Body camera footage of the incident, released by the Miami-Dade Police Department on Monday evening, showed that the traffic stop escalated quickly after Hill put up the window of his car.

Hill rolled down the driver’s side window and handed his license to an officer who had been knocking on the window. Hill — one of the game’s best and most dynamic players, an eight-time Pro Bowl selection who led the NFL with 1,799 receiving yards last season — then told the officer repeatedly to stop knocking before rolling the darkly tinted window back up.

After a back and forth about the window, the bodycam video shows an officer pull Hill out of his car by his arm and head and then force him face-first onto the ground. Officers handcuffed Hill and one put a knee in the middle of his back.

Hill can be heard in the footage yelling repeatedly that he’d just had surgery on his knee as officers forced him to the ground. The receiver said Wednesday he had a minor stem cell procedure on his knee this offseason in Antigua. Dolphins coach Mike McDaniel called it a procedure that Hill “makes sure that he takes care of.”

Hill said he was inside a movie theater Monday night when he received word that the footage was released. He left the theater to watch it and said he hopes people seeing the video — both civilians and law enforcement — use it as a means to learn and get better, even drawing the parallel to the way that football players improve when they watch game film.

“It’s shell-shocking, man,” Hill said. “It’s really crazy to know that you have officers in this world that would literally do that with bodycams on. It’s sad. It’s really sad. Which brings up another conversation and leads into ‘What would they do if they didn’t have bodycams?’ which is even crazier.”

The altercation, and what was seen on the six officers’ bodycam videos, has again brought to the forefront conversations surrounding the experience of Black people with police — something that has been a national talking point for some time.

Hill has been involved in off-field incidents before, though teammates spoke out this week to condemn those who used Hill’s past allegations of violence to justify any excessive use of force. McDaniel said Wednesday that Hill continues to grow as a person, and that he has spoken to him on multiple occasions about why that matters. He also acknowledged that Hill could have handled the incident differently, without revealing specifics.

“A conversation about what provoked unnecessary,” McDaniel said, “is trivial to the unnecessary.”

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