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Colon cancer: How gut microbiome variants can predict risks

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Variations in gut microbiome are being looked at as a possible predictor of colorectal cancer risk. borchee/Getty Images
  • Colorectal cancer might be linked to the gut microbiome, according to new research.
  • Scientists say they might be able to predict the risk of colorectal cancer based on the composition of the gut microbiome.
  • Colorectal cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in people younger than 50.

Researchers have identified differences in gut microbiome in people who develop precancerous colonic lesions, suggesting a possible connection between gut bacteria and colorectal cancer.

That’s according to a study presented at the 2023 annual meeting of United European Gastroenterology. The findings have not yet been published yet in a peer-reviewed journal.

The researchers used data from the Dutch microbiome project with the Dutch nationwide pathology database to identify recorded 8,208 cases of colonic biopsies over the past 50 years.

The scientists analyzed the function and composition of the gut microbiome of people with precancerous colorectal lesions between 2000 and 2015 and those who developed lesions after fecal sampling between 2015 and 2022.

They then compared these groups to people with non-cancerous colonoscopy findings as well as the general public.

The results included:

  • Those who developed lesions after fecal sampling had increased diversity in their gut microbiome compared to those who did not develop lesions.
  • The composition and function of the microbiome among people with pre-existing and future lesions varied based on the type of lesion.

The scientists also reported that several bacterial species (Lachnospiraceae and the genera Roseburia and Eubacterium) were linked with the future development of lesions. The bacterial species B. fragilis has previously been associated with lesions.

 

Colorectal cancer typically starts with precancerous lesions within the gut.

Removing these lesions is essential for preventing colorectal cancer.

Noninvasive testing, such as the fecal immunochemical test, can produce false positives, leading to unnecessary colonoscopies.

“This is an interesting study that could make it possible to analyze a person’s gut microbiome in helping to predict the risk of developing colon cancer,” said Dr. Babak Firoozi, a gastroenterologist at MemorialCare Orange Coast Medical Center in California who was not involved in the study.

“We already know that our intestinal bacteria play an important role in our metabolism, immune system, and overall health,” he explained to Medical News Today. “Other studies show the effect of gut flora on irritable bowel syndrome, liver disease, weight management, and inflammatory bowel disease. This new type of testing could further improve the screening and surveillance process for colon cancer.”

“If this result is further supported by other studies, it can not only help with the screening process but can also provide patients with treatment options, by using probiotics, to help reduce the risk of getting colon cancer to begin with,” Firoozi added. “That would be a tremendous breakthrough.”

 

Microbiome in the gut consists of trillions of microorganisms of thousands of different species, according to Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health.

These include bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. In a healthy person, these coexist peacefully. They are found throughout the body but are most common in the small and large intestines.

The microbes found in the microbiome are beneficial when well-balanced.

However, changes in the balance brought on by an illness, diet, or prolonged use of antibiotics can cause people to become more susceptible to infection.

The gut microbiome isn’t just about colorectal cancer.

It can directly affect colon diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and liver and pancreatic diseases, according to a study published in the BMJ.

“It can cause heart failure, hypertension, heart attack, and coronary artery disease,” said Dr. Anton Bilchik, a surgical oncologist and chief of medicine as well as the director of the Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Program at St. John’s Cancer Institute in California. “It can affect the immune system, as well.”

It also plays a role in anxiety, mood, cognition, and pain, according to an article published in the European Journal of Nutrition.

“This is a very exciting area of research,” Bilchik told Medical News Today. “However, this is not a clinical trial and the results need to be validated.”

 

Bilchik has some cautions about gut microbiome health.

He said “antibiotics can interfere with the microbiome” as they deplete the bacteria – both helpful and harmful – in the gut.

Probiotics can help. These are live microorganisms that may have health benefits when consumed, according to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Yogurt, fermented foods, and some dietary supplements contain probiotics.

Despite extensive probiotic research, scientists still do not understand which probiotics help or which do not. Scientists aren’t sure who should take them or how much they should take.

Nonetheless, probiotics have shown promise in helping:

Expert say to use caution should when giving probiotics to infants.

According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health:

Cases of severe or fatal infections have been reported in premature infants who were given probiotics and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has warned healthcare providers about this risk.

 

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How many Nova Scotians are on the doctor wait-list? Number hit 160,000 in June

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HALIFAX – The Nova Scotia government says it could be months before it reveals how many people are on the wait-list for a family doctor.

The head of the province’s health authority told reporters Wednesday that the government won’t release updated data until the 160,000 people who were on the wait-list in June are contacted to verify whether they still need primary care.

Karen Oldfield said Nova Scotia Health is working on validating the primary care wait-list data before posting new numbers, and that work may take a matter of months. The most recent public wait-list figures are from June 1, when 160,234 people, or about 16 per cent of the population, were on it.

“It’s going to take time to make 160,000 calls,” Oldfield said. “We are not talking weeks, we are talking months.”

The interim CEO and president of Nova Scotia Health said people on the list are being asked where they live, whether they still need a family doctor, and to give an update on their health.

A spokesperson with the province’s Health Department says the government and its health authority are “working hard” to turn the wait-list registry into a useful tool, adding that the data will be shared once it is validated.

Nova Scotia’s NDP are calling on Premier Tim Houston to immediately release statistics on how many people are looking for a family doctor. On Tuesday, the NDP introduced a bill that would require the health minister to make the number public every month.

“It is unacceptable for the list to be more than three months out of date,” NDP Leader Claudia Chender said Tuesday.

Chender said releasing this data regularly is vital so Nova Scotians can track the government’s progress on its main 2021 campaign promise: fixing health care.

The number of people in need of a family doctor has more than doubled between the 2021 summer election campaign and June 2024. Since September 2021 about 300 doctors have been added to the provincial health system, the Health Department said.

“We’ll know if Tim Houston is keeping his 2021 election promise to fix health care when Nova Scotians are attached to primary care,” Chender said.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 11, 2024.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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Newfoundland and Labrador monitoring rise in whooping cough cases: medical officer

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ST. JOHN’S, N.L. – Newfoundland and Labrador‘s chief medical officer is monitoring the rise of whooping cough infections across the province as cases of the highly contagious disease continue to grow across Canada.

Dr. Janice Fitzgerald says that so far this year, the province has recorded 230 confirmed cases of the vaccine-preventable respiratory tract infection, also known as pertussis.

Late last month, Quebec reported more than 11,000 cases during the same time period, while Ontario counted 470 cases, well above the five-year average of 98. In Quebec, the majority of patients are between the ages of 10 and 14.

Meanwhile, New Brunswick has declared a whooping cough outbreak across the province. A total of 141 cases were reported by last month, exceeding the five-year average of 34.

The disease can lead to severe complications among vulnerable populations including infants, who are at the highest risk of suffering from complications like pneumonia and seizures. Symptoms may start with a runny nose, mild fever and cough, then progress to severe coughing accompanied by a distinctive “whooping” sound during inhalation.

“The public, especially pregnant people and those in close contact with infants, are encouraged to be aware of symptoms related to pertussis and to ensure vaccinations are up to date,” Newfoundland and Labrador’s Health Department said in a statement.

Whooping cough can be treated with antibiotics, but vaccination is the most effective way to control the spread of the disease. As a result, the province has expanded immunization efforts this school year. While booster doses are already offered in Grade 9, the vaccine is now being offered to Grade 8 students as well.

Public health officials say whooping cough is a cyclical disease that increases every two to five or six years.

Meanwhile, New Brunswick’s acting chief medical officer of health expects the current case count to get worse before tapering off.

A rise in whooping cough cases has also been reported in the United States and elsewhere. The Pan American Health Organization issued an alert in July encouraging countries to ramp up their surveillance and vaccination coverage.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 10, 2024.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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