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Global team of astrophysicists release largest ever 3D map of the universe – High River Times

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The map has both answered and raised questions about our mysterious universe.

Color indicates distance from Earth, ranging from yellow on the near side of the slice to purple on the far side. There are 48,741 galaxies in this picture, only about 3 per cent of the total surveyed.

Daniel Eisenstein and SDSS-III

An international collaboration of over a hundred astrophysicists has released a map that details over two million galaxies and quasars and eleven billion years of our universe.

The team used the Sloan Digital Sky Survey’s (SDSS) 2.5 metre wide optical telescope in New Mexico to conduct surveys over 20 years. Specifically, the map comes from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), which is built to measure the expansion of the universe. Yesterday, 23 papers representing over 500 pages of new research were released.

The map documents the universe as early as when it was only 300,000 years old, revealing filaments, basically galaxy walls between the voids in the universe. Using this map, the scientists are able to measure patterns in the distribution of galaxies.

To get a 3D map, you need three dimensions. The most difficult, explains Will Percival, the Director of the Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics at the University of Waterloo and a lead researcher on the team, is figuring out just how far these galaxies are from us.

“The difficulty lies in getting that third dimension, that distance to the galaxy. we do that by measuring the redshift of the galaxy, that is how fast the galaxy is moving away from us,” says Percival. “And we use the Hubble expansion of the universe to translate on that velocity through to a distance.”

Hubble’s Law, named after Edwin Hubble, is the rate we use to determine how fast galaxies are moving away from Earth.

Scientists have long known that the universe is constantly expanding as a result of the Big Bang, but the team behind this map has discovered that it is expanding faster than we previously thought, and there is no concrete explanation yet as to why that is.

According to the history revealed in the eBOSS map, the expansion of the universe began to accelerate six billion years ago and has continued to get faster ever since.

“That’s just really whacky because if you just have a standard theory that gravity is acting on matter, gravity is an attractive force it pulls things together and it would in general tend to decelerate the universe,” says Percival. “Which means there’s physics out there that we don’t know about.”

While there are theories, “none of them are really compelling.” According to Percival, the simplest mathematical explanation would be taking Einstein’s cosmological constant equation and change one sign in it to change the universe from static to make it accelerate. Mathematically, it’s a simple thing to do but when it comes to the physics it’s much more difficult to explain.

In particular, the eBOSS team’s measurement of the current rate of expansion of the universe, the previously mentioned Hubble’s Law, is about 10 per cent lower than the value found from distances to nearby galaxies. The mysterious invisible component in the universe we call “dark energy” has been thought to have something to do with this, but like many other phenomena in the universe it remains unexplained.

While this is the largest map to date, Percival hopes that the next generation of surveys will gather more galaxies and potentially solve this mystery by “really getting a handle on the theory of dark energy.”

Some of these projects may include the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) and EUCLID, a European Space Agency satellite mission and another galaxy survey. Percival is involved in both. He says that DESI is about twenty times faster than the Sloan telescope they used for this map and is possibly a few months away from starting depending on the ongoing pandemic.

“I should emphasize that this is a group collaboration, hundreds all around the world in every continent. Its been an incredible team resource and I’m so happy to see it come to fruition,” says Percival.

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The body of a Ugandan Olympic athlete who was set on fire by her partner is received by family

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NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) — The body of Ugandan Olympic athlete Rebecca Cheptegei — who died after being set on fire by her partner in Kenya — was received Friday by family and anti-femicide crusaders, ahead of her burial a day later.

Cheptegei’s family met with dozens of activists Friday who had marched to the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital’s morgue in the western city of Eldoret while chanting anti-femicide slogans.

She is the fourth female athlete to have been killed by her partner in Kenya in yet another case of gender-based violence in recent years.

Viola Cheptoo, the founder of Tirop Angels – an organization that was formed in honor of athlete Agnes Tirop, who was stabbed to death in 2021, said stakeholders need to ensure this is the last death of an athlete due to gender-based violence.

“We are here to say that enough is enough, we are tired of burying our sisters due to GBV,” she said.

It was a somber mood at the morgue as athletes and family members viewed Cheptegei’s body which sustained 80% of burns after she was doused with gasoline by her partner Dickson Ndiema. Ndiema sustained 30% burns on his body and later succumbed.

Ndiema and Cheptegei were said to have quarreled over a piece of land that the athlete bought in Kenya, according to a report filed by the local chief.

Cheptegei competed in the women’s marathon at the Paris Olympics less than a month before the attack. She finished in 44th place.

Cheptegei’s father, Joseph, said that the body will make a brief stop at their home in the Endebess area before proceeding to Bukwo in eastern Uganda for a night vigil and burial on Saturday.

“We are in the final part of giving my daughter the last respect,” a visibly distraught Joseph said.

He told reporters last week that Ndiema was stalking and threatening Cheptegei and the family had informed police.

Kenya’s high rates of violence against women have prompted marches by ordinary citizens in towns and cities this year.

Four in 10 women or an estimated 41% of dating or married Kenyan women have experienced physical or sexual violence perpetrated by their current or most recent partner, according to the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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The ancient jar smashed by a 4-year-old is back on display at an Israeli museum after repair

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TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — A rare Bronze-Era jar accidentally smashed by a 4-year-old visiting a museum was back on display Wednesday after restoration experts were able to carefully piece the artifact back together.

Last month, a family from northern Israel was visiting the museum when their youngest son tipped over the jar, which smashed into pieces.

Alex Geller, the boy’s father, said his son — the youngest of three — is exceptionally curious, and that the moment he heard the crash, “please let that not be my child” was the first thought that raced through his head.

The jar has been on display at the Hecht Museum in Haifa for 35 years. It was one of the only containers of its size and from that period still complete when it was discovered.

The Bronze Age jar is one of many artifacts exhibited out in the open, part of the Hecht Museum’s vision of letting visitors explore history without glass barriers, said Inbal Rivlin, the director of the museum, which is associated with Haifa University in northern Israel.

It was likely used to hold wine or oil, and dates back to between 2200 and 1500 B.C.

Rivlin and the museum decided to turn the moment, which captured international attention, into a teaching moment, inviting the Geller family back for a special visit and hands-on activity to illustrate the restoration process.

Rivlin added that the incident provided a welcome distraction from the ongoing war in Gaza. “Well, he’s just a kid. So I think that somehow it touches the heart of the people in Israel and around the world,“ said Rivlin.

Roee Shafir, a restoration expert at the museum, said the repairs would be fairly simple, as the pieces were from a single, complete jar. Archaeologists often face the more daunting task of sifting through piles of shards from multiple objects and trying to piece them together.

Experts used 3D technology, hi-resolution videos, and special glue to painstakingly reconstruct the large jar.

Less than two weeks after it broke, the jar went back on display at the museum. The gluing process left small hairline cracks, and a few pieces are missing, but the jar’s impressive size remains.

The only noticeable difference in the exhibit was a new sign reading “please don’t touch.”

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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B.C. sets up a panel on bear deaths, will review conservation officer training

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VICTORIA – The British Columbia government is partnering with a bear welfare group to reduce the number of bears being euthanized in the province.

Nicholas Scapillati, executive director of Grizzly Bear Foundation, said Monday that it comes after months-long discussions with the province on how to protect bears, with the goal to give the animals a “better and second chance at life in the wild.”

Scapillati said what’s exciting about the project is that the government is open to working with outside experts and the public.

“So, they’ll be working through Indigenous knowledge and scientific understanding, bringing in the latest techniques and training expertise from leading experts,” he said in an interview.

B.C. government data show conservation officers destroyed 603 black bears and 23 grizzly bears in 2023, while 154 black bears were killed by officers in the first six months of this year.

Scapillati said the group will publish a report with recommendations by next spring, while an independent oversight committee will be set up to review all bear encounters with conservation officers to provide advice to the government.

Environment Minister George Heyman said in a statement that they are looking for new ways to ensure conservation officers “have the trust of the communities they serve,” and the panel will make recommendations to enhance officer training and improve policies.

Lesley Fox, with the wildlife protection group The Fur-Bearers, said they’ve been calling for such a committee for decades.

“This move demonstrates the government is listening,” said Fox. “I suspect, because of the impending election, their listening skills are potentially a little sharper than they normally are.”

Fox said the partnership came from “a place of long frustration” as provincial conservation officers kill more than 500 black bears every year on average, and the public is “no longer tolerating this kind of approach.”

“I think that the conservation officer service and the B.C. government are aware they need to change, and certainly the public has been asking for it,” said Fox.

Fox said there’s a lot of optimism about the new partnership, but, as with any government, there will likely be a lot of red tape to get through.

“I think speed is going to be important, whether or not the committee has the ability to make change and make change relatively quickly without having to study an issue to death, ” said Fox.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 9, 2024.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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