Report points to five countries — China, Russia, India, Pakistan and Iran — who are key threat actors against Canada and details some of their methods used to influence foreign countries
OTTAWA – Public Inquiry into Foreign Interference commissioner Marie-Josée Hogue concluded in her first report released Friday that the 2019 and 2021 federal elections were “tainted” by the “stain” of foreign interference, though it ultimately did not affect the overall result.
Her report also points to five countries — China, Russia, India, Pakistan and Iran — who are key threat actors against Canada and details some of their methods used to influence foreign countries.
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There’s no doubt in Hogue’s mind that the PRC is the “main perpetrator” of foreign interference in Canada. The country’s methods are the most sophisticated and pose the biggest threat to Canada’s elections.
“The PRC uses a range of tools, including Canada-based proxies. These tools include the monitoring of diaspora communities and transnational repression; activities meant to impact the outcome of Canadian democratic processes (including providing financial support to preferred candidates); and clandestinely shaping narratives in support of PRC strategic interests,” reads the report.
To accomplish its goals, China relies on a range of individuals such as PRC officials in Canada, Canadian-based proxies, and bodies of both the Chinese Communist Party and the PRC such as the United Front Work Department.
The PRC focuses much of its attempted influence on groups it considers a threat to its domestic goals, particularly what it considers to be the “Five Poisons”: Falun Gong practitioners, Uyghurs, Tibetans, supporters of Taiwanese independence, and pro-democracy activists.
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The Chinese government also exerts significant control on the Chinese-language traditional and social media platforms and uses the influence to promote “pro-PRC narratives, spread disinformation, and suppress anti-China content.”
“Foreign interference by the PRC is generally thought to be party-agnostic. The PRC does not support any particular party, but rather supports outcomes that it views as pro-PRC, regardless of the political affiliation of a particular candidate,” Hogue wrote.
Much of India’s foreign interference efforts aim to promote its government’s geopolitical views within the Canadian government and the Indian diaspora, particularly on the issue of an independent Sikh homeland (Khalistan).
“India does not differentiate between lawful, pro-Khalistani political advocacy and the relatively small Canada-based Khalistani violent extremism. It views anyone aligned with Khalistani separatism as a seditious threat to India,” Hogue wrote.
India may use proxy agents in Canada to provide “illicit financial support” to Canadian politicians who espouse India’s views, sometimes without the candidates’ knowledge.
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Last year, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau revealed that intelligence suggested the Indian government was linked to the murder of B.C. Sikh activist Hardeep Singh Nijjar on Canadian soil in June.
Russia is a notorious disinformation and misinformation threat actor, but its efforts are largely focused on discrediting and undermining the U.S. and related domestic and international institutions like NATO and the Five Eyes Alliance.
“Its overarching goal is to undermine perceived United States global dominance, discredit the US and Western policies, and undermine support for US-led institutions, partnerships and alliances. It also seeks to shape public opinion, manipulate existing social issues, and exacerbate existing social divides,” reads the report.
But for all of Russia’s interest and impact on U.S. domestic policy, it has yet to turn a serious eye to Canada.
“Canada does not have the same profile for Russia as some of our allies as a target for its disinformation activities. While Russia had the means to engage in foreign interference in Canadian elections, it appears to lack the intent to do so,” Hogue wrote.
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Whereas the Indian government commits foreign interference to promote its interests, the Pakistani government’s efforts are often aimed at countering India’s, Hogue wrote.
“Canada is an attractive target for Pakistan because of its significant South Asian community and the presence of Canada-based groups and individuals that can be leveraged as proxy agents against India,” her report reads.
“In previous federal and provincial elections, Pakistan engaged in foreign interference by, for example, attempting to clandestinely affect the selection of politicians and candidates who are perceived to be more pro-Pakistan than pro-India,” Hogue wrote.
Iran is not a “significant” foreign interference threat actor, but government officials are likely “monitoring, influencing, and collecting information” on Iranians in Canada to quell criticism of the regime.
“In some cases, Iran seeks to silence Canada-based critics through harassment and intimidation,” she wrote.
In her report, Hogue noted foreign interference is far from a new phenomenon, it has only evolved in sophistication as democracy spread and new technologies emerged. She mentions that European monarchs consistently meddled with the election of Catholic popes throughout the Middle Ages. She also listed several other know examples of foreign interference through the 18th and 19th centuries.
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For example, the French legislative elections of 1797 were flooded with British funds when the English “lavishly funded” royalist candidates in France.
Then in 1800, “France dispatched an agent to the United States to spread rumours that France would contemplate war if Thomas Jefferson did not win America’s first contested election,” she wrote.
“In the 19th century, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck sought to punish British Prime Minister William Gladstone’s foreign policy by trying to destroy his reputation with election propaganda. An 1884 letter from Bismarck’s son notes the aim was: to ‘squash Gladstone against the wall, so that he can yap no more’,” her report said.
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OTTAWA – The federal agency that investigates election infractions found insufficient evidence to support suggestions Beijing wielded undue influence against the Conservatives in the Vancouver area during the 2021 general election.
The Commissioner of Canada Elections’ recently completed review of the lingering issue was tabled Tuesday at a federal inquiry into foreign interference.
The review focused on the unsuccessful campaign of Conservative candidate Kenny Chiu in the riding of Steveston-Richmond East and the party’s larger efforts in the Vancouver area.
It says the evidence uncovered did not trigger the threshold to initiate a formal investigation under the Canada Elections Act.
Investigators therefore recommended that the review be concluded.
A summary of the review results was shared with the Canadian Security Intelligence Service and the RCMP. The review says both agencies indicated the election commissioner’s findings were consistent with their own understanding of the situation.
During the exercise, the commissioner’s investigators met with Chinese Canadian residents of Chiu’s riding and surrounding ones.
They were told of an extensive network of Chinese Canadian associations, businesses and media organizations that offers the diaspora a lifestyle that mirrors that of China in many ways.
“Further, this diaspora has continuing and extensive commercial, social and familial relations with China,” the review says.
Some interviewees reported that this “has created aspects of a parallel society involving many Chinese Canadians in the Lower Mainland area, which includes concerted support, direction and control by individuals from or involved with China’s Vancouver consulate and the United Front Work Department (UFWD) in China.”
Investigators were also made aware of members of three Chinese Canadian associations, as well as others, who were alleged to have used their positions to influence the choice of Chinese Canadian voters during the 2021 election in a direction favourable to the interests of Beijing, the review says.
These efforts were sparked by elements of the Conservative party’s election platform and by actions and statements by Chiu “that were leveraged to bolster claims that both the platform and Chiu were anti-China and were encouraging anti-Chinese discrimination and racism.”
These messages were amplified through repetition in social media, chat groups and posts, as well as in Chinese in online, print and radio media throughout the Vancouver area.
Upon examination, the messages “were found to not be in contravention” of the Canada Elections Act, says the review, citing the Supreme Court of Canada’s position that the concept of uninhibited speech permeates all truly democratic societies and institutions.
The review says the effectiveness of the anti-Conservative, anti-Chiu campaigns was enhanced by circumstances “unique to the Chinese diaspora and the assertive nature of Chinese government interests.”
It notes the election was prefaced by statements from China’s ambassador to Canada and the Vancouver consul general as well as articles published or broadcast in Beijing-controlled Chinese Canadian media entities.
“According to Chinese Canadian interview subjects, this invoked a widespread fear amongst electors, described as a fear of retributive measures from Chinese authorities should a (Conservative) government be elected.”
This included the possibility that Chinese authorities could interfere with travel to and from China, as well as measures being taken against family members or business interests in China, the review says.
“Several Chinese Canadian interview subjects were of the view that Chinese authorities could exercise such retributive measures, and that this fear was most acute with Chinese Canadian electors from mainland China. One said ‘everybody understands’ the need to only say nice things about China.”
However, no interview subject was willing to name electors who were directly affected by the anti-Tory campaign, nor community leaders who claimed to speak on a voter’s behalf.
Several weeks of public inquiry hearings will focus on the capacity of federal agencies to detect, deter and counter foreign meddling.
In other testimony Tuesday, Conservative MP Garnett Genuis told the inquiry that parliamentarians who were targeted by Chinese hackers could have taken immediate protective steps if they had been informed sooner.
It emerged earlier this year that in 2021 some MPs and senators faced cyberattacks from the hackers because of their involvement with the Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China, which pushes for accountability from Beijing.
In 2022, U.S. authorities apparently informed the Canadian government of the attacks, and it in turn advised parliamentary IT officials — but not individual MPs.
Genuis, a Canadian co-chair of the inter-parliamentary alliance, told the inquiry Tuesday that it remains mysterious to him why he wasn’t informed about the attacks sooner.
Liberal MP John McKay, also a Canadian co-chair of the alliance, said there should be a clear protocol for advising parliamentarians of cyberthreats.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 17, 2024.
WINNIPEG – The federal New Democrats have kept a longtime stronghold in the Elmwood-Transcona riding in Winnipeg.
The NDP’s Leila Dance won a close battle over Conservative candidate Colin Reynolds, and says the community has spoken in favour of priorities such as health care and the cost of living.
Elmwood-Transcona has elected a New Democrat in every election except one since the riding was formed in 1988.
The seat became open after three-term member of Parliament Daniel Blaikie resigned in March to take a job with the Manitoba government.
A political analyst the NDP is likely relieved to have kept the seat in what has been one of their strongest urban areas.
Christopher Adams, an adjunct professor of political studies at the University of Manitoba, says NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh worked hard to keep the seat in a tight race.
“He made a number of visits to Winnipeg, so if they had lost this riding it would have been disastrous for the NDP,” Adams said.
The strong Conservative showing should put wind in that party’s sails, Adams added, as their percentage of the popular vote in Elmwood-Transcona jumped sharply from the 2021 election.
“Even though the Conservatives lost this (byelection), they should walk away from it feeling pretty good.”
Dance told reporters Monday night she wants to focus on issues such as the cost of living while working in Ottawa.
“We used to be able to buy a cart of groceries for a hundred dollars and now it’s two small bags. That is something that will affect everyone in this riding,” Dance said.
Liberal candidate Ian MacIntyre placed a distant third,
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 16, 2024
The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.
OTTAWA – Prime Minister Justin Trudeau say the Liberals have “all sorts of reflections” to make after losing a second stronghold in a byelection in Montreal Monday night.
His comments come as the Liberal cabinet gathers for its first regularly scheduled meeting of the fall sitting of Parliament, which began Monday.
Trudeau’s Liberals were hopeful they could retain the Montreal riding of LaSalle—Émard—Verdun, but those hopes were dashed after the Bloc Québécois won it in an extremely tight three-way race with the NDP.
Louis-Philippe Sauvé, an administrator at the Institute for Research in Contemporary Economics, beat Liberal candidate Laura Palestini by less than 250 votes. The NDP finished about 600 votes back of the winner.
It is the second time in three months that Trudeau’s party lost a stronghold in a byelection. In June, the Conservatives defeated the Liberals narrowly in Toronto-St. Paul’s.
The Liberals won every seat in Toronto and almost every seat on the Island of Montreal in the last election, and losing a seat in both places has laid bare just how low the party has fallen in the polls.
“Obviously, it would have been nicer to be able to win and hold (the Montreal riding), but there’s more work to do and we’re going to stay focused on doing it,” Trudeau told reporters ahead of this morning’s cabinet meeting.
When asked what went wrong for his party, Trudeau responded “I think there’s all sorts of reflections to take on that.”
In French, he would not say if this result puts his leadership in question, instead saying his team has lots of work to do.
Bloc leader Yves-François Blanchet will hold a press conference this morning, but has already said the results are significant for his party.
“The victory is historic and all of Quebec will speak with a stronger voice in Ottawa,” Blanchet wrote on X, shortly after the winner was declared.
NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh and his party had hoped to ride to a win in Montreal on the popularity of their candidate, city councillor Craig Sauvé, and use it to further their goal of replacing the Liberals as the chief alternative to the Conservatives.
The NDP did hold on to a seat in Winnipeg in a tight race with the Conservatives, but the results in Elmwood-Transcona Monday were far tighter than in the last several elections. NDP candidate Leila Dance defeated Conservative Colin Reynolds by about 1,200 votes.
Singh called it a “big victory.”
“Our movement is growing — and we’re going to keep working for Canadians and building that movement to stop Conservative cuts before they start,” he said on social media.
“Big corporations have had their governments. It’s the people’s time.”
New Democrats recently pulled out of their political pact with the government in a bid to distance themselves from the Liberals, making the prospects of a snap election far more likely.
Trudeau attempted to calm his caucus at their fall retreat in Nanaimo, B.C, last week, and brought former Bank of Canada governor Mark Carney on as an economic adviser in a bid to shore up some credibility with voters.
The latest byelection loss will put more pressure on him as leader, with many polls suggesting voter anger is more directed at Trudeau himself than at Liberal policies.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 17, 2024.
The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.
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