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Hubble telescope finds star from 12.8 billion years ago – pentictonherald.ca

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The image does not look very impressive, just a faint, somewhat blurry dot. However that dot is an image of the oldest and most distant individual star we have ever seen.

Its light has taken 12.8 billion years to reach us. Since the universe is around 13.7 billion years old, we are seeing a star that existed 900 million years after the beginning.

Until this discovery, made using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the oldest individual star we had seen existed some four billion years after the beginning of the universe, so this discovery has taken us an enormous step back in time.

We have detected many galaxies as old, or possibly older than this recently discovered star, each of which contains billions of stars.

However, those stars are so densely crowded together that even the Hubble cannot separate them into individuals.

The resolution, or ability to discern fine detail, depends on the size of the lens or mirror making the image. To see a single star in such a remote galaxy would require an enormously larger lens. Fortuitously, in this case, one was available.

One of the predictions that came out of Einstein’s work on relativity was the possibility of “gravitational lensing.”

Massive objects bend light, focusing it to form an image, just as convex lenses do.

There happens to be a large cluster of galaxies between us and that star, which act as a lens, increasing the magnification and resolution of the Hubble telescope thousands-fold.

Of course, a convenient gathering of galaxies won’t be a perfect lens. However, this star falls in one of the better parts of the image, so we can actually see the star as an individual, rather than just a member of a dense crowd of billions, visible only as a glowing cloud.

The discoverers were fans of J.R.R Tolkien’s writings, and named the star Earendel, or “Dawn Star,” after an elven mariner in the “Silmarillion.”

That long ago, the universe consisted almost completely of hydrogen and helium. All the other elements needed to make planets (and us) are the waste products from energy production by many generations of stars.

When Earendel formed, there were almost none of those other elements. The concentration of those waste products mixed in with the hydrogen and helium from which a star forms has a dramatic effect on the star.

Current theory suggests these stars were more massive than the stars we see around us now. However, even a small increase in mass dramatically increases the brightness of a star and the rate it consumes fuel.

Earendel and his siblings had masses of possibly hundreds of times the mass of the sun. The result is they shone incredibly brightly for maybe one or two million years, before running out of fuel, collapsing and exploding.

Succeeding generations seeded the universe we see around us today with everything for making planets, people, and hopefully a bunch of aliens.

It is highly unlikely Earendel is the oldest star in the universe. With generations of hot, bright, massive stars passing at a rate of one every couple of million years, there could have been a few generations of earlier stars. This star got spotted because it was in the right place for a cluster of galaxies to gravitationally focus its light in the direction of the Hubble telescope.

Looking for the oldest stars is not just record-seeking. The furthest back in time we can see is 380,000 years after the Big Bang, the era of the cosmic microwave background radiation.

At that point, the universe became totally dark, with great clouds of hydrogen and helium.

Then, at some point the first stars formed, and there was light.

When did those first-ever stars form? What were they like? We have lots of ideas, but ideas are not facts.

At what point in the history of the universe did planets and life become possible? This is a big part of understanding our place in the universe, and just as important, whether we are alone.

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Jupiter, Venus, Mars and Saturn are lined up low in the dawn glow. They are in order of increasing brightness. The moon will be full on April 16.

Ken Tapping is an astronomer with the National Research Council’s Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, near Penticton.

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The body of a Ugandan Olympic athlete who was set on fire by her partner is received by family

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NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) — The body of Ugandan Olympic athlete Rebecca Cheptegei — who died after being set on fire by her partner in Kenya — was received Friday by family and anti-femicide crusaders, ahead of her burial a day later.

Cheptegei’s family met with dozens of activists Friday who had marched to the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital’s morgue in the western city of Eldoret while chanting anti-femicide slogans.

She is the fourth female athlete to have been killed by her partner in Kenya in yet another case of gender-based violence in recent years.

Viola Cheptoo, the founder of Tirop Angels – an organization that was formed in honor of athlete Agnes Tirop, who was stabbed to death in 2021, said stakeholders need to ensure this is the last death of an athlete due to gender-based violence.

“We are here to say that enough is enough, we are tired of burying our sisters due to GBV,” she said.

It was a somber mood at the morgue as athletes and family members viewed Cheptegei’s body which sustained 80% of burns after she was doused with gasoline by her partner Dickson Ndiema. Ndiema sustained 30% burns on his body and later succumbed.

Ndiema and Cheptegei were said to have quarreled over a piece of land that the athlete bought in Kenya, according to a report filed by the local chief.

Cheptegei competed in the women’s marathon at the Paris Olympics less than a month before the attack. She finished in 44th place.

Cheptegei’s father, Joseph, said that the body will make a brief stop at their home in the Endebess area before proceeding to Bukwo in eastern Uganda for a night vigil and burial on Saturday.

“We are in the final part of giving my daughter the last respect,” a visibly distraught Joseph said.

He told reporters last week that Ndiema was stalking and threatening Cheptegei and the family had informed police.

Kenya’s high rates of violence against women have prompted marches by ordinary citizens in towns and cities this year.

Four in 10 women or an estimated 41% of dating or married Kenyan women have experienced physical or sexual violence perpetrated by their current or most recent partner, according to the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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The ancient jar smashed by a 4-year-old is back on display at an Israeli museum after repair

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TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — A rare Bronze-Era jar accidentally smashed by a 4-year-old visiting a museum was back on display Wednesday after restoration experts were able to carefully piece the artifact back together.

Last month, a family from northern Israel was visiting the museum when their youngest son tipped over the jar, which smashed into pieces.

Alex Geller, the boy’s father, said his son — the youngest of three — is exceptionally curious, and that the moment he heard the crash, “please let that not be my child” was the first thought that raced through his head.

The jar has been on display at the Hecht Museum in Haifa for 35 years. It was one of the only containers of its size and from that period still complete when it was discovered.

The Bronze Age jar is one of many artifacts exhibited out in the open, part of the Hecht Museum’s vision of letting visitors explore history without glass barriers, said Inbal Rivlin, the director of the museum, which is associated with Haifa University in northern Israel.

It was likely used to hold wine or oil, and dates back to between 2200 and 1500 B.C.

Rivlin and the museum decided to turn the moment, which captured international attention, into a teaching moment, inviting the Geller family back for a special visit and hands-on activity to illustrate the restoration process.

Rivlin added that the incident provided a welcome distraction from the ongoing war in Gaza. “Well, he’s just a kid. So I think that somehow it touches the heart of the people in Israel and around the world,“ said Rivlin.

Roee Shafir, a restoration expert at the museum, said the repairs would be fairly simple, as the pieces were from a single, complete jar. Archaeologists often face the more daunting task of sifting through piles of shards from multiple objects and trying to piece them together.

Experts used 3D technology, hi-resolution videos, and special glue to painstakingly reconstruct the large jar.

Less than two weeks after it broke, the jar went back on display at the museum. The gluing process left small hairline cracks, and a few pieces are missing, but the jar’s impressive size remains.

The only noticeable difference in the exhibit was a new sign reading “please don’t touch.”

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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B.C. sets up a panel on bear deaths, will review conservation officer training

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VICTORIA – The British Columbia government is partnering with a bear welfare group to reduce the number of bears being euthanized in the province.

Nicholas Scapillati, executive director of Grizzly Bear Foundation, said Monday that it comes after months-long discussions with the province on how to protect bears, with the goal to give the animals a “better and second chance at life in the wild.”

Scapillati said what’s exciting about the project is that the government is open to working with outside experts and the public.

“So, they’ll be working through Indigenous knowledge and scientific understanding, bringing in the latest techniques and training expertise from leading experts,” he said in an interview.

B.C. government data show conservation officers destroyed 603 black bears and 23 grizzly bears in 2023, while 154 black bears were killed by officers in the first six months of this year.

Scapillati said the group will publish a report with recommendations by next spring, while an independent oversight committee will be set up to review all bear encounters with conservation officers to provide advice to the government.

Environment Minister George Heyman said in a statement that they are looking for new ways to ensure conservation officers “have the trust of the communities they serve,” and the panel will make recommendations to enhance officer training and improve policies.

Lesley Fox, with the wildlife protection group The Fur-Bearers, said they’ve been calling for such a committee for decades.

“This move demonstrates the government is listening,” said Fox. “I suspect, because of the impending election, their listening skills are potentially a little sharper than they normally are.”

Fox said the partnership came from “a place of long frustration” as provincial conservation officers kill more than 500 black bears every year on average, and the public is “no longer tolerating this kind of approach.”

“I think that the conservation officer service and the B.C. government are aware they need to change, and certainly the public has been asking for it,” said Fox.

Fox said there’s a lot of optimism about the new partnership, but, as with any government, there will likely be a lot of red tape to get through.

“I think speed is going to be important, whether or not the committee has the ability to make change and make change relatively quickly without having to study an issue to death, ” said Fox.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 9, 2024.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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