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Inside the ‘squishy’ dwarf planet at the edge of our solar system

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A new study investigating the properties of one of the dwarf planets in our solar system has found that it might have a “squishy” composition, closer to a “soft cheese” than a hard ball of rock.

Eris, which lurks at the edge of our solar system and takes 557 years to complete one trip around the sun, has largely been a mystery to astronomers since its discovery nearly two decades ago.

But a collaboration between two researchers, including one of the original discoverers of Eris, has shed new light on the inner workings of this celestial object.

The results of months of modelling were published in the peer-reviewed journal Science Advances in mid-November, describing a dwarf planet characterized by an ever-shifting top layer of slushy ice.

UC Santa Cruz researchers Francis Nimmo explained in a press release last week that the consistency of Eris’ surface is “more like a soft cheese or something like that,” rather than a totally rigid object.

“It has a tendency to flow a bit,” he said.

Nimmo realized around six months ago while at the California Institute of Technology that new data unearthed by Michael Brown, one of the discoverers of Eris, could shed new light on how it functions.

Key to the models they created together was a detail Nimmo didn’t have before: the mass of Eris’ single moon, Dysnomia.

Brown had discovered an upper limit for Dysnomia’s mass using measurements from the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) radio telescope in Chile, meaning the pair now knew the maximum gravitational pull it could be exerting on Eris.

Eris and Dysnomia are tidally locked — as Dysnomia orbits, it always has the same side of itself facing Eris.

“That happens because the big planet gets spun down by the tides that the little moon raises on it,” Nimmo said in the release. “The bigger the moon is, the faster the planet spins down.”

With the size of the moon narrowed down by Brown’s data, they were able to analyze the orbital interaction between Eris and Dysnomia to create a much more accurate picture of what is going on inside Eris.

According to the modelling, Eris likely has a hot, rocky core surrounded by a layer of flowing ice.

“The rock contains radioactive elements, and those produce heat. And then that heat has to get out somehow,” Nimmo explained. “So as the heat escapes, it drives this slow churning in the ice.”

It’s this that gives Eris its fluid, and yet not fluid, surface composition, like a snowball in a constant state of melting without ever becoming melted.

INSIDE OUR SOLAR SYSTEM’S DWARF PLANETS

If you were born in the ’90s or earlier, you likely grew up imagining the solar system with nine planets, with the ninth being Pluto, the smallest and furthest from the sun.

But Pluto is now known to be one of five dwarf planets that live in our solar system, sharing the rank with Eris, Ceres, Makemake and Haumea.

A dwarf planet is any celestial body that doesn’t quite clear the bar to be considered a planet, but comes close enough that it can’t be considered an asteroid. Dwarf planets don’t have a significant enough gravitational pull to dominate their own region of space, but still have enough gravity to pull themselves into a sphere or close to it.

Eris was first discovered in 2005 and this discovery, according to the Canadian Space Agency, may have been the death knell for Pluto’s demotion a year later. This is because although Eris looks slightly smaller than Pluto in terms of size, it actually contains more than 25 per cent more matter within it, making it the dwarf planet with the most gravitational pull in our solar system.

Fittingly, since it brought Pluto down a notch in celestial importance, Eris is named after the Greek goddess of discord.

Although Eris sparked a lot of scientific debate when it was discovered, it orbits so far away from the sun, out beyond Neptune’s orbit, that its own properties have been largely unexamined for years. Until now, astronomers assumed it had a rocky surface just like Pluto.

This new study not only helps to flesh out the villain in a dramatic tale of one former planet’s downfall, but adds to our overall understanding of dwarf planets.

Researchers are hoping that more specific measurements of Dysnomia’s size will help them refine their model in the future.

“If Dysnomia is smaller than that, then Eris is even more squishy,” Nimmo said.

 

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The body of a Ugandan Olympic athlete who was set on fire by her partner is received by family

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NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) — The body of Ugandan Olympic athlete Rebecca Cheptegei — who died after being set on fire by her partner in Kenya — was received Friday by family and anti-femicide crusaders, ahead of her burial a day later.

Cheptegei’s family met with dozens of activists Friday who had marched to the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital’s morgue in the western city of Eldoret while chanting anti-femicide slogans.

She is the fourth female athlete to have been killed by her partner in Kenya in yet another case of gender-based violence in recent years.

Viola Cheptoo, the founder of Tirop Angels – an organization that was formed in honor of athlete Agnes Tirop, who was stabbed to death in 2021, said stakeholders need to ensure this is the last death of an athlete due to gender-based violence.

“We are here to say that enough is enough, we are tired of burying our sisters due to GBV,” she said.

It was a somber mood at the morgue as athletes and family members viewed Cheptegei’s body which sustained 80% of burns after she was doused with gasoline by her partner Dickson Ndiema. Ndiema sustained 30% burns on his body and later succumbed.

Ndiema and Cheptegei were said to have quarreled over a piece of land that the athlete bought in Kenya, according to a report filed by the local chief.

Cheptegei competed in the women’s marathon at the Paris Olympics less than a month before the attack. She finished in 44th place.

Cheptegei’s father, Joseph, said that the body will make a brief stop at their home in the Endebess area before proceeding to Bukwo in eastern Uganda for a night vigil and burial on Saturday.

“We are in the final part of giving my daughter the last respect,” a visibly distraught Joseph said.

He told reporters last week that Ndiema was stalking and threatening Cheptegei and the family had informed police.

Kenya’s high rates of violence against women have prompted marches by ordinary citizens in towns and cities this year.

Four in 10 women or an estimated 41% of dating or married Kenyan women have experienced physical or sexual violence perpetrated by their current or most recent partner, according to the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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The ancient jar smashed by a 4-year-old is back on display at an Israeli museum after repair

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TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — A rare Bronze-Era jar accidentally smashed by a 4-year-old visiting a museum was back on display Wednesday after restoration experts were able to carefully piece the artifact back together.

Last month, a family from northern Israel was visiting the museum when their youngest son tipped over the jar, which smashed into pieces.

Alex Geller, the boy’s father, said his son — the youngest of three — is exceptionally curious, and that the moment he heard the crash, “please let that not be my child” was the first thought that raced through his head.

The jar has been on display at the Hecht Museum in Haifa for 35 years. It was one of the only containers of its size and from that period still complete when it was discovered.

The Bronze Age jar is one of many artifacts exhibited out in the open, part of the Hecht Museum’s vision of letting visitors explore history without glass barriers, said Inbal Rivlin, the director of the museum, which is associated with Haifa University in northern Israel.

It was likely used to hold wine or oil, and dates back to between 2200 and 1500 B.C.

Rivlin and the museum decided to turn the moment, which captured international attention, into a teaching moment, inviting the Geller family back for a special visit and hands-on activity to illustrate the restoration process.

Rivlin added that the incident provided a welcome distraction from the ongoing war in Gaza. “Well, he’s just a kid. So I think that somehow it touches the heart of the people in Israel and around the world,“ said Rivlin.

Roee Shafir, a restoration expert at the museum, said the repairs would be fairly simple, as the pieces were from a single, complete jar. Archaeologists often face the more daunting task of sifting through piles of shards from multiple objects and trying to piece them together.

Experts used 3D technology, hi-resolution videos, and special glue to painstakingly reconstruct the large jar.

Less than two weeks after it broke, the jar went back on display at the museum. The gluing process left small hairline cracks, and a few pieces are missing, but the jar’s impressive size remains.

The only noticeable difference in the exhibit was a new sign reading “please don’t touch.”

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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B.C. sets up a panel on bear deaths, will review conservation officer training

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VICTORIA – The British Columbia government is partnering with a bear welfare group to reduce the number of bears being euthanized in the province.

Nicholas Scapillati, executive director of Grizzly Bear Foundation, said Monday that it comes after months-long discussions with the province on how to protect bears, with the goal to give the animals a “better and second chance at life in the wild.”

Scapillati said what’s exciting about the project is that the government is open to working with outside experts and the public.

“So, they’ll be working through Indigenous knowledge and scientific understanding, bringing in the latest techniques and training expertise from leading experts,” he said in an interview.

B.C. government data show conservation officers destroyed 603 black bears and 23 grizzly bears in 2023, while 154 black bears were killed by officers in the first six months of this year.

Scapillati said the group will publish a report with recommendations by next spring, while an independent oversight committee will be set up to review all bear encounters with conservation officers to provide advice to the government.

Environment Minister George Heyman said in a statement that they are looking for new ways to ensure conservation officers “have the trust of the communities they serve,” and the panel will make recommendations to enhance officer training and improve policies.

Lesley Fox, with the wildlife protection group The Fur-Bearers, said they’ve been calling for such a committee for decades.

“This move demonstrates the government is listening,” said Fox. “I suspect, because of the impending election, their listening skills are potentially a little sharper than they normally are.”

Fox said the partnership came from “a place of long frustration” as provincial conservation officers kill more than 500 black bears every year on average, and the public is “no longer tolerating this kind of approach.”

“I think that the conservation officer service and the B.C. government are aware they need to change, and certainly the public has been asking for it,” said Fox.

Fox said there’s a lot of optimism about the new partnership, but, as with any government, there will likely be a lot of red tape to get through.

“I think speed is going to be important, whether or not the committee has the ability to make change and make change relatively quickly without having to study an issue to death, ” said Fox.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 9, 2024.

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