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Resurrected from Ice Age: Remarkable survival of 46000-year-old roundworms

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Scientists have successfully revived roundworms that were in the dormant stage for 46,000 years in the Siberian permafrost. They were discovered in 2018 and have now not only been revived but reproduced.

These roundworms (nematodes), known as Panagrolaimus, have since become the subject of further research, leading to the proposal that one of the nematode varieties represents a new species called Panagrolaimus kolymaensis.

The new research, published in the journal PLOS Genetics on July 27, 2023 by Shatilovich and coworkers, provides more insights into the survival mechanisms of these ancient worms.

The researchers conducting radiocarbon dating using plant material found along with the samples, concluded that Panagrolaimus kolymaensis worms are actually 46,000 years old.

This age places them in the late Pleistocene when woolly mammoth and sabre tooth tigers roamed the world.

The worms were found in a fossilised squirrel burrow more than 120 feet below ice by Russian scientists near the Kolyma river in northeastern Siberia.

They were in a state of suspended metabolism called cryptobiosis.

With cryptobiosis, the organism can live without any metabolism for a period until the conditions are favourable again. All functions including reproduction, development and repair, stop due to the inactivation of the metabolic activities.

Some organisms survive without water for a long period of time m in places where there is nonavailability of water like yeast, mosses, and algae. Similarly, there are others that temporarily suspend metabolic functions when there is a lack of oxygen or a high level of toxins, freezing or boiling temperature in the external environment.

These worms were revived at the Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science RAS in Russia.

Scientists feel that it would be very helpful to know how the worms adapted and survived for such a long period and in such an extreme environment.  It would help us gain knowledge about how life survives such harsh environmental conditions.

By slowly and gently thawing the roundworms, researchers were able to bring these worms back to life, and the worms could wriggle, eat, and reproduce.

One of the worms was bred in a laboratory for 100 generations, as they were found to reproduce parthenogenetically without a male partner. The genetic analysis revealed that the Panagrolaimus worms belong to a new species, named Panagrolaimus kolymaensis, named after the Kolyma River near where they were found.

These nematodes expressed their remarkable ability to suspend life over geological time scales.

Comparative genome analysis between P. kolymaensis and another nematode species, Caenorhabditis elegans, reveals similarities in the molecular toolkit for surviving desiccation and freezing.

The researchers successfully induced the nematodes to enter and exit the dormant state of cryptobiosis using special preparatory cues.

While the findings are intriguing, skepticism about the study’s results are seen regarding the  possibility of modern contamination and whether the analysis proves the worms’ age definitively.

Obviously these biological mechanisms are of great interest to human kind because with that knowledge, “suspended animation” of humans till now science fiction, could become a  reality. We have always toyed with the idea of creating in the laboratory a live Dianosaur out of  dianosaur eggs which are discovered from time to time. But this is human fantasy and nothing close to a real possibility even now because there is a huge difference between reviving single cell organisms and a dianosaur.

Nonetheless, the research sheds light on the remarkable ability of these nematodes to survive extreme conditions over geological time scales, providing insights into their evolutionary processes and survival strategies.

The research holds significance for understanding evolutionary processes and could aid conservation efforts for endangered species, especially in the face of climate change and extreme heat.

Studying how these creatures survive extreme environments in cryptobiosis may provide insights into how animals can adapt, as habitats shift due to changing climates.

To study such ancient organisms and their ability to revive  offers valuable knowledge about survival mechanisms and may challenge the notion of extinction if animals can endure for millennia in a dormant state.

They survive because they have developed certain  genetic makeup and biochemical mechanisms to do so.

A Delhi University Professor of Zoology, Dr Rita Rath,  says, “The revival of the 46,000 years old round worms from Siberian permafrost is incredible. This discovery not only sheds light on their remarkable ability to survive in cryptobiosis but also offers valuable insights into how organisms can adapt to extreme climate conditions over geological timescales.”

She said, “Studying these creatures may hold the key to understanding evolutionary processes and conservation efforts in the face of climate change.”

 

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Here’s how Helene and other storms dumped a whopping 40 trillion gallons of rain on the South

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More than 40 trillion gallons of rain drenched the Southeast United States in the last week from Hurricane Helene and a run-of-the-mill rainstorm that sloshed in ahead of it — an unheard of amount of water that has stunned experts.

That’s enough to fill the Dallas Cowboys’ stadium 51,000 times, or Lake Tahoe just once. If it was concentrated just on the state of North Carolina that much water would be 3.5 feet deep (more than 1 meter). It’s enough to fill more than 60 million Olympic-size swimming pools.

“That’s an astronomical amount of precipitation,” said Ed Clark, head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Water Center in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. “I have not seen something in my 25 years of working at the weather service that is this geographically large of an extent and the sheer volume of water that fell from the sky.”

The flood damage from the rain is apocalyptic, meteorologists said. More than 100 people are dead, according to officials.

Private meteorologist Ryan Maue, a former NOAA chief scientist, calculated the amount of rain, using precipitation measurements made in 2.5-mile-by-2.5 mile grids as measured by satellites and ground observations. He came up with 40 trillion gallons through Sunday for the eastern United States, with 20 trillion gallons of that hitting just Georgia, Tennessee, the Carolinas and Florida from Hurricane Helene.

Clark did the calculations independently and said the 40 trillion gallon figure (151 trillion liters) is about right and, if anything, conservative. Maue said maybe 1 to 2 trillion more gallons of rain had fallen, much if it in Virginia, since his calculations.

Clark, who spends much of his work on issues of shrinking western water supplies, said to put the amount of rain in perspective, it’s more than twice the combined amount of water stored by two key Colorado River basin reservoirs: Lake Powell and Lake Mead.

Several meteorologists said this was a combination of two, maybe three storm systems. Before Helene struck, rain had fallen heavily for days because a low pressure system had “cut off” from the jet stream — which moves weather systems along west to east — and stalled over the Southeast. That funneled plenty of warm water from the Gulf of Mexico. And a storm that fell just short of named status parked along North Carolina’s Atlantic coast, dumping as much as 20 inches of rain, said North Carolina state climatologist Kathie Dello.

Then add Helene, one of the largest storms in the last couple decades and one that held plenty of rain because it was young and moved fast before it hit the Appalachians, said University of Albany hurricane expert Kristen Corbosiero.

“It was not just a perfect storm, but it was a combination of multiple storms that that led to the enormous amount of rain,” Maue said. “That collected at high elevation, we’re talking 3,000 to 6000 feet. And when you drop trillions of gallons on a mountain, that has to go down.”

The fact that these storms hit the mountains made everything worse, and not just because of runoff. The interaction between the mountains and the storm systems wrings more moisture out of the air, Clark, Maue and Corbosiero said.

North Carolina weather officials said their top measurement total was 31.33 inches in the tiny town of Busick. Mount Mitchell also got more than 2 feet of rainfall.

Before 2017’s Hurricane Harvey, “I said to our colleagues, you know, I never thought in my career that we would measure rainfall in feet,” Clark said. “And after Harvey, Florence, the more isolated events in eastern Kentucky, portions of South Dakota. We’re seeing events year in and year out where we are measuring rainfall in feet.”

Storms are getting wetter as the climate change s, said Corbosiero and Dello. A basic law of physics says the air holds nearly 4% more moisture for every degree Fahrenheit warmer (7% for every degree Celsius) and the world has warmed more than 2 degrees (1.2 degrees Celsius) since pre-industrial times.

Corbosiero said meteorologists are vigorously debating how much of Helene is due to worsening climate change and how much is random.

For Dello, the “fingerprints of climate change” were clear.

“We’ve seen tropical storm impacts in western North Carolina. But these storms are wetter and these storms are warmer. And there would have been a time when a tropical storm would have been heading toward North Carolina and would have caused some rain and some damage, but not apocalyptic destruction. ”

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Follow AP’s climate coverage at https://apnews.com/hub/climate

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Follow Seth Borenstein on Twitter at @borenbears

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Associated Press climate and environmental coverage receives support from several private foundations. See more about AP’s climate initiative here. The AP is solely responsible for all content.

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‘Big Sam’: Paleontologists unearth giant skull of Pachyrhinosaurus in Alberta

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It’s a dinosaur that roamed Alberta’s badlands more than 70 million years ago, sporting a big, bumpy, bony head the size of a baby elephant.

On Wednesday, paleontologists near Grande Prairie pulled its 272-kilogram skull from the ground.

They call it “Big Sam.”

The adult Pachyrhinosaurus is the second plant-eating dinosaur to be unearthed from a dense bonebed belonging to a herd that died together on the edge of a valley that now sits 450 kilometres northwest of Edmonton.

It didn’t die alone.

“We have hundreds of juvenile bones in the bonebed, so we know that there are many babies and some adults among all of the big adults,” Emily Bamforth, a paleontologist with the nearby Philip J. Currie Dinosaur Museum, said in an interview on the way to the dig site.

She described the horned Pachyrhinosaurus as “the smaller, older cousin of the triceratops.”

“This species of dinosaur is endemic to the Grand Prairie area, so it’s found here and nowhere else in the world. They are … kind of about the size of an Indian elephant and a rhino,” she added.

The head alone, she said, is about the size of a baby elephant.

The discovery was a long time coming.

The bonebed was first discovered by a high school teacher out for a walk about 50 years ago. It took the teacher a decade to get anyone from southern Alberta to come to take a look.

“At the time, sort of in the ’70s and ’80s, paleontology in northern Alberta was virtually unknown,” said Bamforth.

When paleontogists eventually got to the site, Bamforth said, they learned “it’s actually one of the densest dinosaur bonebeds in North America.”

“It contains about 100 to 300 bones per square metre,” she said.

Paleontologists have been at the site sporadically ever since, combing through bones belonging to turtles, dinosaurs and lizards. Sixteen years ago, they discovered a large skull of an approximately 30-year-old Pachyrhinosaurus, which is now at the museum.

About a year ago, they found the second adult: Big Sam.

Bamforth said both dinosaurs are believed to have been the elders in the herd.

“Their distinguishing feature is that, instead of having a horn on their nose like a triceratops, they had this big, bony bump called a boss. And they have big, bony bumps over their eyes as well,” she said.

“It makes them look a little strange. It’s the one dinosaur that if you find it, it’s the only possible thing it can be.”

The genders of the two adults are unknown.

Bamforth said the extraction was difficult because Big Sam was intertwined in a cluster of about 300 other bones.

The skull was found upside down, “as if the animal was lying on its back,” but was well preserved, she said.

She said the excavation process involved putting plaster on the skull and wooden planks around if for stability. From there, it was lifted out — very carefully — with a crane, and was to be shipped on a trolley to the museum for study.

“I have extracted skulls in the past. This is probably the biggest one I’ve ever done though,” said Bamforth.

“It’s pretty exciting.”

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 25, 2024.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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The ancient jar smashed by a 4-year-old is back on display at an Israeli museum after repair

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TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — A rare Bronze-Era jar accidentally smashed by a 4-year-old visiting a museum was back on display Wednesday after restoration experts were able to carefully piece the artifact back together.

Last month, a family from northern Israel was visiting the museum when their youngest son tipped over the jar, which smashed into pieces.

Alex Geller, the boy’s father, said his son — the youngest of three — is exceptionally curious, and that the moment he heard the crash, “please let that not be my child” was the first thought that raced through his head.

The jar has been on display at the Hecht Museum in Haifa for 35 years. It was one of the only containers of its size and from that period still complete when it was discovered.

The Bronze Age jar is one of many artifacts exhibited out in the open, part of the Hecht Museum’s vision of letting visitors explore history without glass barriers, said Inbal Rivlin, the director of the museum, which is associated with Haifa University in northern Israel.

It was likely used to hold wine or oil, and dates back to between 2200 and 1500 B.C.

Rivlin and the museum decided to turn the moment, which captured international attention, into a teaching moment, inviting the Geller family back for a special visit and hands-on activity to illustrate the restoration process.

Rivlin added that the incident provided a welcome distraction from the ongoing war in Gaza. “Well, he’s just a kid. So I think that somehow it touches the heart of the people in Israel and around the world,“ said Rivlin.

Roee Shafir, a restoration expert at the museum, said the repairs would be fairly simple, as the pieces were from a single, complete jar. Archaeologists often face the more daunting task of sifting through piles of shards from multiple objects and trying to piece them together.

Experts used 3D technology, hi-resolution videos, and special glue to painstakingly reconstruct the large jar.

Less than two weeks after it broke, the jar went back on display at the museum. The gluing process left small hairline cracks, and a few pieces are missing, but the jar’s impressive size remains.

The only noticeable difference in the exhibit was a new sign reading “please don’t touch.”

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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