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Space: From asteroid collisions and moon journeys to stunning telescope images

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For decades, the faintest hint of cosmic pessimism has been limiting expectations if not dreams. Now, we’re in the midst of a new space race

In September this year, more than 10 million kilometres out in space, a little spaceship collided with a large asteroid called Dimorphos.

This was on purpose, a good shot. The mission was to disrupt the orbital path Dimorphos takes around its paired larger asteroid Didymos, which it did, by a lot more even than NASA expected

Neither asteroid was headed for Earth. But if one ever happens to, a solution is now clear. We don’t need to blow it up like Bruce Willis in Armageddon. We’ll just nudge it away. The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) was a striking “proof of concept” experiment, and not even the biggest space story of the year, although NASA administrator Bill Nelson called it “a watershed moment for planetary defence, and a watershed moment for humanity.”

At the end of 2022, things are looking up, space-wise. Just a few weeks before NASA hit that asteroid bullseye, the first images arrived back on Earth from the new James Webb Space Telescope, stationed out at a stable place in the interplay between Sun and Earth gravity, facing out into the receding darkness. This successor to the 32-year-old Hubble launched last Christmas Day, equipped with, among other fancy things, a Canadian made device called the Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS). Already, it is revealing new insights about how the universe’s first galaxies formed out of the remnants of the Big Bang.

Then in November, the Artemis 1 mission set off around the Moon and back on a new spaceship called Orion, carrying humanoid technical mannequins to prove it can one day safely carry human crew, and a new thermal shield to protect them from re-entry temperatures higher than anything previously encountered in crewed spaceflight.

Space news barely took a day off this year. Two days after Orion splashed down in the Pacific Ocean on Dec. 11, a research paper was published about a chance encounter on Mars, in which a huge dust devil, more than 100 metres tall, 25 metres across, and moving about 18 km/h across the surface of Mars happened to run directly over the Perseverance rover, which captured audio as well as video, and beamed it back to Earth.

This whisper of extraterrestrial wind and its detailed acoustic analysis was no major breakthrough, just a minor scientific curiosity by itself, but considered alongside the other major space advancements of 2022, it seemed to herald more wondrous curiosities to come.

Next year, for example, the European Space Agency plans to launch the JUICE mission (Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer) to map the icy moons Ganymede, Callisto and Europa that orbit the solar system’s largest planet. NASA plans both to launch a mission to an asteroid, and to welcome the return of samples from another asteroid, from a mission launched in 2020.

Even the grandest plans and predictions are coming into focus, thanks especially to Artemis, after a couple of initial hiccups delayed the launch. Its explicit goal is eventually to put an outpost space station in lunar polar orbit before sending a crewed mission to the surface and back. An entire generation of space scientists is invested in what would follow, a crewed Mars mission, and the beginning of interplanetary colonization.

Telescopes likewise are opening new horizons, penetrating further back into space and time, in some cases almost as far as possible, according to known physics, back even to light produced at the universe’s creation that has been travelling ever since, stretched into infrared by the expansion of the universe itself. The new James Webb Space Telescope can detect this light 100 times fainter than Hubble.

What its research team can see in the resulting images, as the University of Toronto astronomer Lamiya Mowla puts it, “is not a picture of a point in time. This is a history of the universe.”

It is heady and exciting stuff. Taken together, all this evidence suggests the future of space science and exploration looks a bit more today like it did a generation ago, like an accelerating golden age.

Space is back. It is a subtle shift in our shared cultural outlook to the cosmos, but it’s there. For decades, the faintest hint of cosmic pessimism has been limiting expectations if not dreams.

Maybe there is no grand unified theory to be found in physics, no quantum theory of gravity. Maybe getting to Mars is practically impossible. Maybe life really is a unique fluke. The end of the Space Shuttle program a decade ago threatened to doom the International Space Station, which once promised to be a stepping stone for humans to the cosmos, not the dead-end “tin can” of Space Oddity. Maybe the momentum had left the space project.

The mid-century superpower space race is not only over, but at least one racer has degenerated into an imperial basket case, failing this year at even earthbound conquest. The Russian Soyuz spacecraft remains the workhorse of human transit to the space station, and until recently it was the only way to get there, but this month’s coolant leak was a reminder that it is 20th century technology for a 20th century purpose.

Now there are more space racers than ever before. They include China, of course, and Japan, also India, which will launch Chandrayaan 3 early next year, trying to land a rover on the Moon, and redeem the software glitch that crashed Chandrayaan 2’s landing in 2019.

Private industry has picked up slack in rocketry. SpaceX has proved the benefit of re-usable rockets in launching at a fraction of what NASA spends to launch its new Space Launch System, and plans to soon test its Starship craft, designed for crewed flight both in orbit and eventually to Mars.

Technology has offered up not just new telescopes in space with vastly increased resolution, but also revolutionary new ways of looking, such as gravitational wave astronomy.

In an interview, Mowla reflected on the scientific excitement of the new space telescope. She is an observational astronomer studying the structural evolution of massive galaxies in the early universe with images from both Hubble and Webb, and her work illustrates this renewed sense of promise in space science.

Hubble was launched in the era of floppy disks, before cell phones, with very low memory. “Now we can fit so much data on these chips,” she said. “There is definitely a technological explosion that happened between Hubble and JWST.”

She and colleagues working with new data from Webb recently discovered a galaxy nicknamed The Sparkler, which is interesting because it is both very distant and very old. It was already old when the light detected by Webb started its journey 9 billion years ago.

“So it must be very old,” she said. This was a basic goal of Webb, to see the very first galaxies, composed of the very first stars, and to learn how they first formed, and why today some are ultra diffuse, “like ghosts,” almost transparent, while others are compact and bright.

The Sparkler is good evidence that a lot of the structural formation is happening very early on, Mowla said.

In space, you can only see what used to be, not what presently is. Light moves so fast that it fools us in our everyday lives. We act as if it doesn’t matter, but there’s always a gap, the time it takes light to travel at its constant speed of about a billion kilometres an hour. Light is like the future. You can never truly see it coming. But it gets here quick.

“It’s one of the best parts of living in this universe, that every time you look up in the sky you’re essentially time travelling,” Mowla said. “We can never know what the sun looks like right at this moment, we have to wait 8 minutes to find out.”

It is the same for other stars, only more so, each one a different time away into the past.

“You’re looking at so many points in time at the same time. It gives you shivers, right?” she said.

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The body of a Ugandan Olympic athlete who was set on fire by her partner is received by family

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NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) — The body of Ugandan Olympic athlete Rebecca Cheptegei — who died after being set on fire by her partner in Kenya — was received Friday by family and anti-femicide crusaders, ahead of her burial a day later.

Cheptegei’s family met with dozens of activists Friday who had marched to the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital’s morgue in the western city of Eldoret while chanting anti-femicide slogans.

She is the fourth female athlete to have been killed by her partner in Kenya in yet another case of gender-based violence in recent years.

Viola Cheptoo, the founder of Tirop Angels – an organization that was formed in honor of athlete Agnes Tirop, who was stabbed to death in 2021, said stakeholders need to ensure this is the last death of an athlete due to gender-based violence.

“We are here to say that enough is enough, we are tired of burying our sisters due to GBV,” she said.

It was a somber mood at the morgue as athletes and family members viewed Cheptegei’s body which sustained 80% of burns after she was doused with gasoline by her partner Dickson Ndiema. Ndiema sustained 30% burns on his body and later succumbed.

Ndiema and Cheptegei were said to have quarreled over a piece of land that the athlete bought in Kenya, according to a report filed by the local chief.

Cheptegei competed in the women’s marathon at the Paris Olympics less than a month before the attack. She finished in 44th place.

Cheptegei’s father, Joseph, said that the body will make a brief stop at their home in the Endebess area before proceeding to Bukwo in eastern Uganda for a night vigil and burial on Saturday.

“We are in the final part of giving my daughter the last respect,” a visibly distraught Joseph said.

He told reporters last week that Ndiema was stalking and threatening Cheptegei and the family had informed police.

Kenya’s high rates of violence against women have prompted marches by ordinary citizens in towns and cities this year.

Four in 10 women or an estimated 41% of dating or married Kenyan women have experienced physical or sexual violence perpetrated by their current or most recent partner, according to the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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The ancient jar smashed by a 4-year-old is back on display at an Israeli museum after repair

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TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — A rare Bronze-Era jar accidentally smashed by a 4-year-old visiting a museum was back on display Wednesday after restoration experts were able to carefully piece the artifact back together.

Last month, a family from northern Israel was visiting the museum when their youngest son tipped over the jar, which smashed into pieces.

Alex Geller, the boy’s father, said his son — the youngest of three — is exceptionally curious, and that the moment he heard the crash, “please let that not be my child” was the first thought that raced through his head.

The jar has been on display at the Hecht Museum in Haifa for 35 years. It was one of the only containers of its size and from that period still complete when it was discovered.

The Bronze Age jar is one of many artifacts exhibited out in the open, part of the Hecht Museum’s vision of letting visitors explore history without glass barriers, said Inbal Rivlin, the director of the museum, which is associated with Haifa University in northern Israel.

It was likely used to hold wine or oil, and dates back to between 2200 and 1500 B.C.

Rivlin and the museum decided to turn the moment, which captured international attention, into a teaching moment, inviting the Geller family back for a special visit and hands-on activity to illustrate the restoration process.

Rivlin added that the incident provided a welcome distraction from the ongoing war in Gaza. “Well, he’s just a kid. So I think that somehow it touches the heart of the people in Israel and around the world,“ said Rivlin.

Roee Shafir, a restoration expert at the museum, said the repairs would be fairly simple, as the pieces were from a single, complete jar. Archaeologists often face the more daunting task of sifting through piles of shards from multiple objects and trying to piece them together.

Experts used 3D technology, hi-resolution videos, and special glue to painstakingly reconstruct the large jar.

Less than two weeks after it broke, the jar went back on display at the museum. The gluing process left small hairline cracks, and a few pieces are missing, but the jar’s impressive size remains.

The only noticeable difference in the exhibit was a new sign reading “please don’t touch.”

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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B.C. sets up a panel on bear deaths, will review conservation officer training

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VICTORIA – The British Columbia government is partnering with a bear welfare group to reduce the number of bears being euthanized in the province.

Nicholas Scapillati, executive director of Grizzly Bear Foundation, said Monday that it comes after months-long discussions with the province on how to protect bears, with the goal to give the animals a “better and second chance at life in the wild.”

Scapillati said what’s exciting about the project is that the government is open to working with outside experts and the public.

“So, they’ll be working through Indigenous knowledge and scientific understanding, bringing in the latest techniques and training expertise from leading experts,” he said in an interview.

B.C. government data show conservation officers destroyed 603 black bears and 23 grizzly bears in 2023, while 154 black bears were killed by officers in the first six months of this year.

Scapillati said the group will publish a report with recommendations by next spring, while an independent oversight committee will be set up to review all bear encounters with conservation officers to provide advice to the government.

Environment Minister George Heyman said in a statement that they are looking for new ways to ensure conservation officers “have the trust of the communities they serve,” and the panel will make recommendations to enhance officer training and improve policies.

Lesley Fox, with the wildlife protection group The Fur-Bearers, said they’ve been calling for such a committee for decades.

“This move demonstrates the government is listening,” said Fox. “I suspect, because of the impending election, their listening skills are potentially a little sharper than they normally are.”

Fox said the partnership came from “a place of long frustration” as provincial conservation officers kill more than 500 black bears every year on average, and the public is “no longer tolerating this kind of approach.”

“I think that the conservation officer service and the B.C. government are aware they need to change, and certainly the public has been asking for it,” said Fox.

Fox said there’s a lot of optimism about the new partnership, but, as with any government, there will likely be a lot of red tape to get through.

“I think speed is going to be important, whether or not the committee has the ability to make change and make change relatively quickly without having to study an issue to death, ” said Fox.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 9, 2024.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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