Science
Understanding that the moisture of Mars could uncover the deep secrets of the past liveability of the planet – Bullet News
Mars has water – until no. Scientists think about four billion years ago, the planet has a large amount of liquid water on its surface. Enough to form rivers, lakes, sea, and even oceans – and may also support the life system.
But something happened during the following billion years. After triggering the loss of this water from the surface to all that remains.
It is a cold and dry desert in the world we see today. Why and how it happens rather a mystery. “We don’t know why the water content decreases and Mars is dry”. Said Eva Scheller from the California Institute of Technology.
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In recent years, the results of the Maven spacecraft that orbit NASA suggested:
This thinning water driver may be a loss of atmosphere. In the past, for unknown reasons, Mars lost its strong magnetic field. By revealing the planet to erode the explosion of the sun.
As a result, most Mars air escaped into space, maybe carrying most planet water with him. But in a newspaper article published this week in the journal Science, Scheller and his colleagues.
They argued that this process might alone not explain the modern nature of Mars. Instead, they said that a large number of water planets.
Between 30 and 99 percent – retreated into the crust, where he remained today, in a process known as hydration crust.
“Losing [space] must be very large to explain the loss of all mars water,” said Bethany Ehlmann of Caltech, a colleague’s writer in this study, in a press direction this week which almost hosted and the planet of the Science Conference, where research Served.
“We realize we need to pay attention to evidence. From 10 to 15 years of last Mars exploration in terms of water in the Mars crust.”
Using this evidence from various MARS missions. The team found that the current atmospheric loss level is not enough to explain the loss of all mars water.
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Also, the deuterium ratio observed against hydrogen in the atmosphere of Mars:
Important instructions in working on the juicy past – also inconsistent with all planetary water lost into space. While hydrogen is light enough to slip from the gravity handle of planets easily, heavier deuterium isotopes cannot.
Thus, the relative deuterium scarcity in the atmosphere today. It shows that less water may disappear in this way than what is thought. An alternative explanation is needed.
Crucible hydration – where water is inserted into the mineral crystal structure – is a natural choice for that explanation. And in fact, previously proposed as an important mechanism for losing mars water.
Various rows of evidence convincingly indicate that the process must occur at certain points in the planet’s history.
For example, the results of the neutron spectrometer instrument. On the Mars Odyssey NASA spacecraft, which arrived at the planet in 2001. It showed that “Basically everywhere, crust has at least 2 percent of water,” Ehlmann said. “In the equator, it’s water on the ground and stone.”
Then the findings of Mars NASA’s surveillance orbits the results. In mapping hydrated minerals on the surface of Mars. “It becomes very clear that it’s common, and not infrequently, to find evidence of changes in water,” he added.
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This crustal hydration scenario:
That doesn’t mean Mars hid the wonderland liquid water beneath the surface. Conversely, because it will lock water in minerals, the Mars crust can be specifically enriched in clay and hydrated salts.
On earth, this process has not robbed us of the ocean. We can be associated with a tectonic plate, which allows the water-locked rock efficiently released through volcanic activity. On a free planet from tectonic plates like Mars, this water will remain trapped.
If the atmosphere’s current level is the same as the old one. Then the crust hydration rate is likely to be closer to the estimated 99 percent, said Scheller. “But where we get uncertainty is what the Mars atmospheric structure is like [in the past],” he said.
“There are various elements that can make the loss level into the room being quite high”. One possible way is a MARS dust storm, which can dramatically increase the level of loss, said Paul Mahaffy.
The director of the Solar System Exploration Division in the Flight Center. For Goddard NASA members and the main researchers on the instrument. On the Rover Curose on the surface of Mars and the Maven.
During a global dust storm, he said, “worth a year of hydrogen from water can be lost in just 45 days. So a history of water loss from time to time [on Mars] complex and not fully constrained.”
Science
Nasa's Hubble marks 34th anniversary with stunning view of Little Dumbbell Nebula – The Times of India
In celebration of its 34th anniversary, Nasa‘s Hubble Space Telescope has once again wowed astronomers and space enthusiasts alike by capturing an extraordinary image of the Little Dumbbell Nebula. This latest image offers a vivid glimpse into the complexities of a planetary nebula, demonstrating Hubble’s enduring capabilities in its extended mission.
The Little Dumbbell Nebula, also known as Messier 76, is one of the faintest objects in the Messier catalog and has intrigued astronomers for its intricate structure and dual-lobed shape. This planetary nebula, located approximately 2,500 light-years away in the constellation Perseus, represents a brief stage in the life cycle of a moderate-sized star like our sun.
Dr. Jennifer Wiseman, a senior scientist at Nasa’s Goddard Space Flight Center, expressed her admiration for the new imagery: “This beautiful nebula is what remains after a star like our own sun has exhausted the bulk of its nuclear fuel and shed its outer layers. The vibrant colors and intricate structures visible in the nebula are a telescope’s way of painting the portrait of the final stages of stellar evolution.”
The Little Dumbbell Nebula, despite its faintness, shines brightly in the detailed images provided by Hubble, allowing scientists to study aspects of the nebula that are rarely visible. The images highlight the dense, glowing gas and complex layers of material expelled from the dying star at the center of the nebula.
According to Dr. Wiseman, “Hubble’s high-resolution capabilities allow us to examine the fine details within the nebula, helping us understand how stars expel their material and the dynamics of this expulsion process. This image is more than just a picture; it’s a deep dive into the life of stars.”
Since its launch on April 24, 1990, Hubble has revolutionized our understanding of the universe, from the dynamics of galaxies to the atmospheres of exoplanets and the distribution of dark matter. Its contributions continue to support and complement data gathered by newer space observatories.
As Hubble continues its journey in space, the scientific community remains enthusiastic about the ongoing contributions it will bring to our understanding of the cosmos. Dr. Wiseman remarked, “Every image from Hubble is a new lesson in our cosmic curriculum.”
These observations not only contribute significantly to our knowledge of the life cycle of stars but also continue to highlight the critical role of Hubble in the exploration and understanding of our universe. As Hubble enters another year in orbit, its legacy of discoveries promises to keep inspiring both the scientific community and the public.
SpaceX sent up the 30th launch from the Space Coast for the year on the evening of April 23, a mission that also featured the company’s 300th successful booster recovery.
A Falcon 9 rocket carrying 23 of SpaceX’s Starlink internet satellites blasted off at 6:17 p.m. Eastern time from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station’s Space Launch Complex 40.
The first-stage booster set a milestone of the 300th time a Falcon 9 or Falcon Heavy booster made a successful recovery landing, and the 270th time SpaceX has reflown a booster.
This particular booster made its ninth trip to space, a resume that includes one human spaceflight, Crew-6. It made its latest recovery landing downrange on the droneship Just Read the Instructions in the Atlantic Ocean.
The company’s first successful booster recovery came in December 2015, and it has not had a failed booster landing since February 2021.
The current record holder for flights flew 11 days ago making its 20th trip off the launch pad.
SpaceX has been responsible for all but two of the launches this year from either Kennedy Space Center or Cape Canaveral with United Launch Alliance having launched the other two.
SpaceX could knock out more launches before the end of the month, putting the Space Coast on pace to hit more than 90 by the end of the year, but the rate of launches by SpaceX is also set to pick up for the remainder of the year with some turnaround times at the Cape’s SLC-40 coming in less than three days.
That could amp up frequency so the Space Coast could surpass 100 launches before the end of the year, with the majority coming from SpaceX. It hosted 72 launches in 2023.
More launches from ULA are on tap as well, though, including the May 6 launch atop an Atlas V rocket of the Boeing CST-100 Starliner with a pair of NASA astronauts to the International Space Station.
ULA is also preparing for the second launch ever of its new Vulcan Centaur rocket, which recently received its second Blue Origin BE-4 engine and is just waiting on the payload, Sierra Space’s Dream Chaser spacecraft, to make its way to the Space Coast.
Blue Origin has its own rocket it wants to launch this year as well, with New Glenn making its debut as early as September, according to SLD 45’s range manifest.
2024 Orlando Sentinel. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.
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The common loon, that icon of northern wilderness, is under threat from climate change due to declining water clarity. Published earlier this month in the journal Ecology, a study conducted by biologists from Chapman University and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in the U.S. has demonstrated the first clear evidence of an effect of climate change on this species whose distinct call is so tied to the soundscape of Canada’s lakes and wetlands.
Through the course of their research, the scientists found that July rainfall results in reduced July water clarify in loon territories in Northern Wisconsin. In turn, this makes it difficult for adult loons to find and capture their prey — mainly small fish — underwater, meaning they are unable to meet their chicks’ metabolic needs. Undernourished, the chicks face higher mortality rates. The consistent foraging techniques used by loons across their range means this impact is likely echoed wherever they are found — from Alaska to Canada to Iceland.
The researchers used Landsat imagery to find that there has been a 25-year consistent decline in water clarity, and during this period, body weights of adult loon and chicks alike have also declined. With July being the month of most rapid growth in young loons, the study also pinpointed water clarity in July as being the greatest predictor of loon body weight.
One explanation for why heavier rainfall leads to reduced water clarity is the rain might carry dissolved organic matter into lakes from adjacent streams and shoreline areas. Lawn fertilizers, pet waste and septic system leaks may also be to blame.
The researchers, led by Chapman University professor Walter Piper, hope to use these insights to further conservation efforts for this bird Piper describes as both “so beloved and so poorly understood.”
Return of the king
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