This week’s edition of Second Opinion is a collaboration with CBC’s The Dose podcast, hosted by Dr. Brian Goldman.
As more regions of Canada enter lockdown and increase restrictions in an effort to contain the alarming spread of COVID-19, many government and public health officials are pointing to two promising coronavirus vaccine candidates as hope that the pandemic will one day end.
Over the last week, both Pfizer and Moderna Inc. announced that their respective vaccines appeared to be 95 per cent effective in Phase 3 clinical trials. They are two of the seven manufacturers with whom Canada has signed purchasing deals for millions of doses each.
But amid the optimism, a new vaccine naturally raises lots of questions, from how it works to who will get it first in a country of more than 35 million people.
Here are some answers to those questions.
The two front-running vaccines use a new technology called mRNA. What is that?
Traditionally, vaccines have been made using either dead or “live attenuated” — or weakened — viruses to provoke an immune response in the body.
Both Pfizer’s and Moderna’s vaccines use pieces of genetic material — messenger RNA (mRNA) — from the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. This new technology has never been used before in commercial vaccines, said Dr. Jeff Kwong, interim director at the University of Toronto’s Centre for Vaccine Preventable Diseases.
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“It actually gets your body’s cells to produce the proteins or antigens of the virus and then that stimulates the immune response,” he told Dr. Brian Goldman, host of the CBC podcast The Dose.
“So we’re not actually giving the virus to people, but we’re just giving the genetic material of the virus so that we will generate the antigens that will train our immune system to fight off the virus.”
The reason the mRNA vaccine results are coming out faster than more than 150 other coronavirus vaccine trials in various stages of development around the world, Kwong said, is because “it’s much more efficient” to inject the mRNA directly into the body than to produce antigens by injecting particles of virus into eggs or cells first. That’s the more traditional method used by many other vaccine manufacturers.
Some social media posts claim that mRNA vaccines can damage or change a person’s own DNA — is that true?
First of all, the mRNA vaccine doesn’t enter the nucleus of cells, where most DNA is located.
“It doesn’t affect our own genetic material. It’s just taking advantage of our own body’s machinery to generate the antigens,” he said. “So it’s kind of like borrowing our cells to manufacture the antigens instead of making the antigens in cells or in eggs and then injecting that into the body.”
What are the steps between now and getting vaccinated against COVID-19?
Although very promising, the results are still preliminary, Kwong cautions. Here’s what needs to happen:
Phase 3 of the clinical trials needs to be completed.
The data from the trials need to be reviewed by the regulator for each country — here, that’s Health Canada — to independently ensure that the vaccine is both safe and effective.
If Health Canada approves the vaccine, the manufacturer needs to ship the doses to Canada, where it will be distributed to the provinces and territories.
It’s then up to the provinces and territories to follow their rollout plan, which they should be developing now, to get the vaccine to public health authorities, physicians’ offices, hospitals, long-term care homes, pharmacies, or wherever the vaccines are to be given to people who want one.
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Canada’s chief public health officer spoke with reporters during the pandemic briefing on Friday 2:13
How many doses of vaccine will we need in Canada?
Both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines require two doses, taken three weeks apart. It’s likely that other successful vaccine candidates may also require multiple doses, experts say. With a population of more than 35 million people in Canada, that means more than 70 million doses in total.
Although the agreements Canada has signed with manufacturers more than covers that amount, they won’t all arrive at once. They’re likely to come in staggered shipments throughout 2021 as they’re made, Kwong said.
Then who gets vaccinated first?
The National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI), an independent body that advises the Public Health Agency of Canada, recently published “preliminary guidance” on how to prioritize immunization against COVID-19 once a vaccine is approved.
According to NACI, the first vaccines should go to:
People at high risk of death or severe illness from COVID-19 (including seniors and people who have high-risk health conditions).
People who are most likely to transmit COVID-19 to those at high risk (this could include health-care workers, support workers or people living with those at high risk).
Workers essential to maintaining the COVID-19 response or providing frontline care for COVID-19 patients.
People “contributing to the maintenance of other essential services for the functioning of society.” These workers still need to be defined in discussions between the federal, provincial and territorial governments, NACI said, but could include police, firefighters or grocery store staff.
People living or working in conditions that put them at higher risk of infection, or where infection could have “disproportionate consequences, including Indigenous communities.”
(CBC)
What about children?
On Nov. 17, the American Academy of Pediatrics issued a news release calling for children to be included in COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials immediately to ensure that they “are not left out of potentially life-saving vaccines.”
Pfizer “only recently” began enrolling children as young as 12, the academy said.
“Children are not little adults. We must include children in the trials as soon as it is safe to do so,” said Dr. Yvonne Maldonado, chair of the academy’s committee on infectious diseases, in the release.
“This research takes time. If this does not begin soon, it will be less likely a vaccine will be available for children before the next school year.”
CBC News contacted the Canadian Paediatric Society for comment, but they were not able to respond by deadline.
However, both Kwong and Dr. Jeffrey Pernica, head of the division of pediatric infectious disease at McMaster University, agreed with the American organization’s position.
“COVID-19 only rarely causes severe disease in children — but there have been significant impacts on child and youth health from the pandemic,” Pernica said in an email to CBC News.
“If we want to develop real herd immunity, we’ll have to immunize kids as well,” Pernica said. “We absolutely have to have data on whether they are safe and effective in children.
“A majority of parents will probably not wish to immunize their children with vaccine products that have not been verified to be safe in that age group.”
What are the logistical challenges in getting the vaccines to Canadians?
The number one challenge, Kwong said, is the sheer volume of the supply needed.
“The hope is that we can get everyone who wants to get vaccinated as quickly as possible,” he said.
Once the supply arrives, Kwong believes that between physicians, public health nurses and pharmacists (in provinces where they are allowed to provide vaccinations), there will be enough people to give the vaccination over the course of 2021. Military support would be “welcome assistance,” he said — particularly in helping the vaccine reach remote areas.
A key challenge with the Pfizer vaccine, however, is that it needs to be kept at -70 C — a temperature far colder than what’s possible in most freezers. (Moderna has said its vaccine can be kept in a refrigerator for up to a month.)
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Prime Minister Justin Trudeau urges Canadians to continue with the fight against COVID-19. 3:15
The Public Health Agency of Canada is in the process of making sure the need for ultra-freezers doesn’t hold up the vaccination process, spokesperson Eric Morrissette said.
The agency is working with the provinces and territories to review where equipment currently exists — including “the ability to safely transport and store ultra-low temperature and frozen vaccines,” Morrissette said in an email on Friday.
“Any capacity gaps will be addressed to ensure the safe and timely delivery of vaccines.” he said.
Once we’re vaccinated, will we be immune to COVID-19 for life?
That’s still unknown, Kwong said, because it’s been less than a year since the virus appeared on anyone’s radar. Although the clinical trials showed a high rate of achieving immunity, there’s really no way to know how long it lasts until people are vaccinated in the real world and more time passes.
“There are many vaccines that offer essentially lifelong protection, and some that don’t,” Dr. Lynora Saxinger, an infectious diseases specialist at the University of Alberta, told CBC News in an email.
However, Saxinger is encouraged by the messenger RNA technology in the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines.
“mRNA vaccines basically are designed to give your own cells a code to make the virus spike protein so your immune system really sees it in a way that mimics natural infection,” she said. “This should increase the likelihood of a good long-term response.”
Even if it doesn’t, multiple doses over the years are sometimes required in existing vaccines. A booster shot is needed every 10 years for tetanus, for example. The flu vaccine requires a shot every year.
“One nice thing about vaccines is that booster strategies can be used if it doesn’t prove to have a long-lasting effect.” Saxinger said.
Plus, more vaccine candidates of different types are expected to prove successful in the coming months, she said, and some may prove to be more effective in certain people than others.
“It’s good to have a menu to choose from,” Saxinger said.
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Most job search advice is cookie-cutter. The advice you’re following is almost certainly the same advice other job seekers follow, making you just another candidate following the same script.
In today’s hyper-competitive job market, standing out is critical, a challenge most job seekers struggle with. Instead of relying on generic questions recommended by self-proclaimed career coaches, which often lead to a forgettable interview, ask unique, thought-provoking questions that’ll spark engaging conversations and leave a lasting impression.
Your level of interest in the company and the role.
Contributing to your employer’s success is essential.
You desire a cultural fit.
Here are the top four questions experts recommend candidates ask; hence, they’ve become cliché questions you should avoid asking:
“What are the key responsibilities of this position?”
Most likely, the job description answers this question. Therefore, asking this question indicates you didn’t read the job description. If you require clarification, ask, “How many outbound calls will I be required to make daily?” “What will be my monthly revenue target?”
“What does a typical day look like?”
Although it’s important to understand day-to-day expectations, this question tends to elicit vague responses and rarely leads to a deeper conversation. Don’t focus on what your day will look like; instead, focus on being clear on the results you need to deliver. Nobody I know has ever been fired for not following a “typical day.” However, I know several people who were fired for failing to meet expectations. Before accepting a job offer, ensure you’re capable of meeting the employer’s expectations.
“How would you describe the company culture?”
Asking this question screams, “I read somewhere to ask this question.” There are much better ways to research a company’s culture, such as speaking to current and former employees, reading online reviews and news articles. Furthermore, since your interviewer works for the company, they’re presumably comfortable with the culture. Do you expect your interviewer to give you the brutal truth? “Be careful of Craig; get on his bad side, and he’ll make your life miserable.” “Bob is close to retirement. I give him lots of slack, which the rest of the team needs to pick up.”
Truism: No matter how much due diligence you do, only when you start working for the employer will you experience and, therefore, know their culture firsthand.
“What opportunities are there for professional development?”
When asked this question, I immediately think the candidate cares more about gaining than contributing, a showstopper. Managing your career is your responsibility, not your employer’s.
Cliché questions don’t impress hiring managers, nor will they differentiate you from your competition. To transform your interaction with your interviewer from a Q&A session into a dynamic discussion, ask unique, insightful questions.
Here are my four go-to questions—I have many more—to accomplish this:
“Describe your management style. How will you manage me?”
This question gives your interviewer the opportunity to talk about themselves, which we all love doing. As well, being in sync with my boss is extremely important to me. The management style of who’ll be my boss is a determining factor in whether or not I’ll accept the job.
“What is the one thing I should never do that’ll piss you off and possibly damage our working relationship beyond repair?”
This question also allows me to determine whether I and my to-be boss would be in sync. Sometimes I ask, “What are your pet peeves?”
“When I join the team, what would be the most important contribution you’d want to see from me in the first six months?”
Setting myself up for failure is the last thing I want. As I mentioned, focus on the results you need to produce and timelines. How realistic are the expectations? It’s never about the question; it’s about what you want to know. It’s important to know whether you’ll be able to meet or even exceed your new boss’s expectations.
“If I wanted to sell you on an idea or suggestion, what do you need to know?”
Years ago, a candidate asked me this question. I was impressed he wasn’t looking just to put in time; he was looking for how he could be a contributing employee. Every time I ask this question, it leads to an in-depth discussion.
Other questions I’ve asked:
“What keeps you up at night?”
“If you were to leave this company, who would follow?”
“How do you handle an employee making a mistake?”
“If you were to give a Ted Talk, what topic would you talk about?”
“What are three highly valued skills at [company] that I should master to advance?”
“What are the informal expectations of the role?”
“What is one misconception people have about you [or the company]?”
Your questions reveal a great deal about your motivations, drive to make a meaningful impact on the business, and a chance to morph the questioning into a conversation. Cliché questions don’t lead to meaningful discussions, whereas unique, thought-provoking questions do and, in turn, make you memorable.
Nick Kossovan, a well-seasoned veteran of the corporate landscape, offers “unsweetened” job search advice. You can send Nick your questions to artoffindingwork@gmail.com.
CALGARY – Canadian Natural Resources Ltd. reported a third-quarter profit of $2.27 billion, down from $2.34 billion in the same quarter last year.
The company says the profit amounted to $1.06 per diluted share for the quarter that ended Sept. 30 compared with $1.06 per diluted share a year earlier.
Product sales totalled $10.40 billion, down from $11.76 billion in the same quarter last year.
Daily production for the quarter averaged 1,363,086 barrels of oil equivalent per day, down from 1,393,614 a year ago.
On an adjusted basis, Canadian Natural says it earned 97 cents per diluted share for the quarter, down from an adjusted profit of $1.30 per diluted share in the same quarter last year.
The average analyst estimate had been for a profit of 90 cents per share, according to LSEG Data & Analytics.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Oct. 31, 2024.
CALGARY – Cenovus Energy Inc. reported its third-quarter profit fell compared with a year as its revenue edged lower.
The company says it earned $820 million or 42 cents per diluted share for the quarter ended Sept. 30, down from $1.86 billion or 97 cents per diluted share a year earlier.
Revenue for the quarter totalled $14.25 billion, down from $14.58 billion in the same quarter last year.
Total upstream production in the quarter amounted to 771,300 barrels of oil equivalent per day, down from 797,000 a year earlier.
Total downstream throughput was 642,900 barrels per day compared with 664,300 in the same quarter last year.
On an adjusted basis, Cenovus says its funds flow amounted to $1.05 per diluted share in its latest quarter, down from adjusted funds flow of $1.81 per diluted share a year earlier.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Oct. 31, 2024.
