Is your office freezing? Do you need to keep cool to stay healthy? Should you set your thermostat based on recommendations from your utility? If you’re lucky enough to have air conditioning, there are a number of factors to consider when choosing the right temperature.
Comfort and avoiding negative health impacts that come with heat exposure are key. But the hotter it is outside compared to your thermostat setting, the more power air conditioners guzzle. That could strain electricity grids and increase the risk of deadly blackouts during heat waves.
In places with a dirty grid, the energy used to cool buildings can make power plants burn more fossil fuels, which in turn impacts global heating from climate change. Plus, using lots of power can generate big energy bills.
So what to do?
While many homeowners retreat to their air-conditioned dwellings to escape the heat wave, not all renters have that option. CBC’s Travis McEwan has details on reports about heat-related mortality rates among people who rent their living space.
Recommended temperatures all over the map
There’s no shortage of recommendations and guidelines for your thermostat setting — spanning a wide range.
28 C: Recommended by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment to save energy. It was implemented in offices and shops, along with encouragement to wear less formal office attire. This is also recommended in South Korea, with exemptions for some kinds of buildings such as schools and daycares, senior centres and hotels. Toronto Hydro recommends this as the temperature to set when you’re away from home.
27 C: Recommended by the World Health Organization, which also suggests adding a fan to make it feel 4 C cooler. Spain has made it illegal to set thermostats lower than this in public places, although it’s only a recommendation at home. Greece and Italy (excluding hospitals) also use this set point for public buildings.
25.5 C: Recommended by Energy Star, an energy efficiency-labelling partnership between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and private companies that make appliances. It’s also recommended by the Hong Kong Government, which says it aims to strike a balance between energy savings and CO2 emissions reductions, as well as thermal comfort.
25 C: Recommended by BC Hydro, which also suggests shutting off the air conditioner when you’re not home for an hour or more.
It’s not just the air conditioner itself that makes a difference. It’s also how well your house keeps the coolness in and the heat out, according to experts. (Shutterstock)
72 F or 22 C is considered the typical temperature for air-conditioned spaces in North America. It’s based on what studies have found comfortable, but there are criticisms that this is based on small studies of men in suits, and women like it warmer. (Eric Risberg/The Associated Press)
26 C is OK for most
“I unfortunately don’t think there’s a magic set point,” said Brendan Haley, director of policy for Efficiency Canada. He noted that it can depend on many factors, including some that can change over time, such as age and health status.
Seniors and those with certain health chronic health conditions such as heart or kidney disease, as well as those with schizophrenia, are more likely to die during heat waves and are considered more vulnerable to heat.
Glen Kenny, professor of human physiology at the University of Ottawa said health agencies have generally considered indoor temperatures of 24 to 28 to be safe for vulnerable people, but that’s based on statistics.
So he recently ran a test on a group of seniors aged 65 to 85. After eight hours at 26 C, they had no increase in core body temperature, heart rate or blood pressure, suggesting that 26 C is a safe room temperature for a day-long exposure.
However, he said, “26 C is still a very warm temperature and potentially uncomfortable for people.”
He added that longer exposures could disrupt vulnerable people’s sleep. “That can worsen their overall health.”
It’s something he hopes to look into next.
B.C. renters are getting letters from landlords saying they cannot install air conditioners in their units, and warning they’d be responsible for any damage they might cause. One renter says he’s seen the temperature in his apartment as high as 38 C — well beyond what is considered safe for long periods.
Temperature recommendations can be higher than 26 C in some countries, depending on factors such as the capacity of their power grids and their climates.
Kenny acknowledged that people in some countries are used to hotter temperatures. “There is going to be a level of adaptation, acclimatization to that environment,” he said, although that can take weeks.
Keeping it warm eases power bills and grid impacts
That may be why many utilities recommend keeping your thermostat set closer to 26 C than 22 C.
Climate scientist Andrew Dessler explains that air conditioners need to work exponentially harder the hotter it is outside compared to the temperature you set inside, consuming exponentially more power and leading to higher bills.
Canada has used rapid analysis for the first time to determine a link between climate change and June’s record-breaking heat wave in Quebec, Ontario and Atlantic Canada.
“Air conditioning is expensive and, because of climate change, it’s getting a lot more expensive,” he wrote this week in his newsletter The Climate Brink.
He gave the example of someone who wants to cool their house to 24 C. If the outside temperature increases from 36 C to 38 C due to climate change, that will require 42 per cent more energy, he calculated.
Already, he said, the power bills for air conditioning are unaffordable for some.
Jim Bolger, president of the Ontario HVAC sales and service company Waterloo Energy Products, acknowledged that for some people, a $10 or $20 difference in their power bill could be significant.
A technician installs an air conditioner in a north London flat on Aug. 11, 2023, the same day a new extreme heat warning took effect in parts of England and Wales. (Katie Nicholson/CBC)
Your equipment and your home make a difference
Bolger says that adjusting your thermostat up or down may not make that much of a difference to your power consumption — it also depends on the age and efficiency of your air conditioner and how well insulated and shaded your house is.
He suspects that what hydro utilities are worried about is the thousands of people who have old, inefficient air conditioners — who will also get much higher bills if they crank their air conditioners too hard.
If your air conditioner relies on a geothermal or geoexchange heat pump, as his does, it will be dumping heat into the ground (instead of the air). The ground is much cooler than the air in the summer, making geothermal systems extremely efficient. In that case, “you’re saving nothing” by increasing your thermostat a few degrees, Bolger said.
Peter Messenger with A1 Air Conditioning and Heating and University of Calgary’s Sara Hastings-Simon explain how heat pumps work.
Likewise, people with newer, efficient air-source heat pumps or air conditioners probably won’t see a huge impact if they keep their place a bit cooler. Those also dehumidify your home more effectively (and many even have a dehumidification mode), which can make a big difference, he said: “You can feel more comfortable at 24 degrees with lower humidity than you can at 20 with high humidity.”
Haley with Efficiency Canada noted that it’s not just the air conditioner itself that makes a difference. It’s also how well your house keeps the coolness in and the heat out — its airtightness, insulation and how well shaded it is. “That is, I would say, huge,” he said.
What about at night? And when you’re away from home?
Some places charge higher electricity rates during peak daytime hours and cheaper rates at night. In these cases, utilities such as Toronto Hydro recommend keeping your house cooler during off-peak hours. Haley said that could let your house store the “coolness” like a thermal battery, possibly for much of the day, if it’s well shaded and insulated.
Many utilities also suggest raising the thermostat when you’re away from home. Bolger recommends against adjusting your thermostat more than a few degrees regularly, as that can force your equipment to work too hard to adjust to the change.
So with all that info, how do you choose the right temperature?
Bolger puts it this way: “There always has to be a balance between operation cost savings, efficiency and creature comfort.”
TALLAHASSEE, Fla. (AP) — A judge has blocked the head of Florida‘s state health department from taking any more action to threaten TV stations over an abortion-rights commercial they’ve been airing.
U.S. District Judge Mark Walker’s ruling Thursday sided with Floridians Protecting Freedom, the group that produced the commercial promoting a ballot measure that would add abortion rights to the state constitution if it passes in the Nov. 5 election. The group filed a lawsuit earlier this week over the state’s communications with stations.
“The government cannot excuse its indirect censorship of political speech simply by declaring the disfavored speech is ‘false,’” the judge said in a written opinion.
He added, “To keep it simple for the State of Florida: it’s the First Amendment, stupid.”
State Surgeon General Joseph Ladapo and John Wilson, who was then the top lawyer at the health department before resigning unexpectedly, sent a letter to TV stations on Oct. 3 telling them to stop running an FPF ad, asserting that it was false and dangerous. The letter also says it could be subject to criminal proceedings.
FPF said about 50 stations were running the ad and that most or all of them received the letter — and at least one stopped running the commercial.
The group said the state was wrong when it claimed that assertions in the commercial were false. The state’s objection was to a woman’s assertion that the abortion she received in 2022 after she was diagnosed with a terminal brain tumor would not be allowed under current state law.
The state hasn’t changed its position. In a statement Thursday, a spokesperson for the health department again said that the ads are “unequivocally false.”
The judge’s order bars further action from the state until Oct. 29, when he’s planning a hearing on the question.
The ballot measure is one of nine similar ones across the country, but the campaign over it is the most expensive so far, with ads costing about $160 million, according to the media tracking firm AdImpact. It would require the approval of 60% of voters to be adopted and would override the state law that bans abortion in most cases after the first six weeks of pregnancy, which is before women often realize they’re pregnant.
WASHINGTON (AP) — The blast shook the ground and its red flash of fire covered the doorway as U.S. special operations forces blew open a door during a recent training exercise.
Moments later, in their next attempt, the boom was noticeably suppressed and the blaze a bit smaller, testament to just one of the new technologies that U.S. Special Operations Command is using to limit the brain injuries that have become a growing problem for the military.
From new required testing and blast monitors to reshaping an explosive charge that reduces its blowback on troops, the command is developing new ways to better protect warfighters from such blast overpressure and to evaluate their health risks, particularly during training.
“We have guys lining up to volunteer for these studies,” said retired Sgt. Maj. F. Bowling, a former special operations medic who now works as a contractor at the command. “This is extremely important to the community. They’re very concerned about it.”
The Defense Department does not have good data on the number of troops with blast overpressure problems, which are much harder to detect than a traumatic brain injury.
Traumatic brain injuries are better known and have been a persistent problem among combat forces, including those subjected to missile strikes and explosions that hit nearby.
According to the department’s Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, more than 20,000 service members were diagnosed with traumatic brain injuries last year. More than 500,000 have been diagnosed since 2000.
Josh Wick, a Pentagon spokesperson, said emerging information from evaluations of both acute blasts and repetitive low-level exposures shows links to adverse effects, such as the inability to sleep, degraded cognitive performance, headaches and dizziness.
“Our top priority remains our forces’ long-term cognitive well-being and operational effectiveness as warfighters,” said Gen. Bryan Fenton, head of U.S. Special Operations Command. “We are committed to understanding and identifying the impacts of blast overpressure on our personnel’s brain health.”
Fenton said research with academics and medical and industry experts is helping find ways to mitigate and treat overpressure. He said cutting-edge technologies are key to reducing the effects of repeated exposures, such as those many of his troops experience.
Out in a remote training area for Army special forces at Fort Liberty in North Carolina, commandos used what they call a Muchete breaching charge, specifically formed into a shape that more precisely directs the blasts and limits the harmful waves coming from an explosion. A small number of journalists were allowed to watch the training.
“The reduction on the blast overpressure coming back on the operator on average is generally between 40 and 60%,” said Chris Wilson, who leads the team at the command that oversees clinical research and other performance-related initiatives. “It really also depends on where somebody is standing. But it’s certainly a pretty dramatic reduction in the exposure. So I think that’s a win.”
Wilson said development and testing of the refined charge is ongoing but that units are using this one now in training until one gets final approval and can be more widely distributed.
Because of the extensive amount of training for special operations forces — both to hone their skills and to prepare for specific operations — troops may practice breaching a door dozens or hundreds of times. As a result, training is where they are most likely to have such repeated exposures. The command wants a better sense of how each person is affected.
During the demonstration, a number of the Army special forces soldiers were wearing small monitors or sensors to help leaders better understand the level of blast pressure that troops are absorbing. The sensors allow officials to compare readings based on where troops were standing and how close they were to the blast.
The command is evaluating a number of blast sensors on the market, and some higher risk troops are already using them. Testing and other studies are continuing with the goal of getting them out across the force in the next couple of years.
According to Wilson and Col. Amanda Robbins, the command’s psychologist, there are distinct differences between acute traumatic brain injuries and what is called long-term blast exposure or blast overpressure.
Traumatic brain injuries, they said, are acute injuries that are relatively well documented and diagnosed. They said repetitive blast exposure needs more attention because there are lots of questions about the impact on the human brain. The damage is far more complex to diagnose and requires more study to establish links between the repetitive blasts and any damage or symptoms.
To aid the research, Special Operations Command is looking at doing more routine testing throughout service members’ careers. One test is a neurocognitive assessment that the command does every three years. Officials also want warfighters to be assessed if they have had a concussion or similar event.
The Defense Department more broadly will require cognitive assessments for all new recruits as part of an effort to protect troops from brain injuries resulting from blast exposures. New guidance released in August requires greater use of protective equipment, minimum “stand-off distances” during certain types of training, and a reduction in the number of people in proximity to blasts.
The other test being done by Special Operations Command is a more subjective comprehensive assessment that catalogs each person’s history of injuries or falls, even as a child. It’s done early to get a baseline.
Robbins said what they have seen is that new, younger operators and those with 20 or more years of experience are more amenable to doing the testing.
“The challenge is going to be in the midcareer operators who may be more concerned about self-reporting potentially having a perceived negative impact,” she said.
She added that the assessment is a way to take into account incidents that may not be in their medical records, so that problems can be identified early on and people can get treatment.
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — A federal judge on Friday delayed an order requiring Google to open up its Android app store to more competition until an appeals court decides whether to block the shake-up because of legal questions surrounding a jury’s verdict that branded Google as an illegal monopolist.
The delay granted during a court hearing in San Francisco comes less than two weeks after U.S. District Judge James Donato issued a decision that would have forced Google to make sweeping changes to its Play Store for Android smartphones starting Nov. 1.
The mandated changes included a provision that would have required Google to make its library of more than 2 million Android apps available to any rivals that wanted access to the inventory and also distribute the alternative options in its own Play Store.
Google requested Donato’s order be stayed until the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals could examine the handling of a monthlong trial that led to the December 2023 verdict, which framed the Play Store as an illegal monopoly that stifles innovation and drives up consumer prices.
In Friday’s hearing, Donato scoffed at the notion that Google could succeed in overturning the trial verdict. “The verdict in this case was amply supported by a mountain of evidence about Google’s anti-competitive conduct,” the judge said.
But he decided the Ninth Circuit should be given a chance to consider a postponement until a panel of judges can decide can consider Google’s appeal of the 2023 trial focused on antitrust claims lodged by video game maker Epic Games.
Donato said he wouldn’t be surprised if the Ninth Circuit imposes an even longer delay on his ruling, “but that is for someone else to decide.”
In a statement, Google said it was pleased Donato hit the pause button while it tries to extend the delay even further.
“These remedies threaten Google Play’s ability to provide a safe and secure experience and we look forward to continuing to make our case to protect 100 million U.S. Android users, over 500,000 U.S. developers and thousands of partners who have benefited from our platforms,” Google said.
Epic pointed to Donato’s critical comments about the merits of Google’s appeal in a statement that described the stay as a “procedural step.”
It’s unclear how long the Ninth Circuit will take to decide on Google’s request for a permanent stay of Donato’s ruling while its appeals unfolds — a process that could take more than a year.
In 2021, the Ninth Circuit delayed a provision of another federal judge’s order mandating that Apple allow links to alternative payment systems with apps made for the iPhone as part of another antitrust case brought by Epic.
Although Apple avoided being labeled an illegal monopolist in a trial involving the iPhone app store, it unsuccessfully fought the provision requiring the company to allow alternative payment links within apps. But delaying that requirement preserved Apple’s exclusive control of a payment system that has generated commissions ranging from 15% to 30% on some e-commerce occurring within apps. Apple exhausted its avenue of appeals in the U.S. Supreme Court earlier this year.
Google also pockets billions of dollars annually from a similar commission system within its Play Store for Android phones — a setup that is allowed to continue as long as Google can prevent Donato’s ruling from taking effect.
In its arguments for delaying Donato’s order, Google said it wasn’t being given enough time to make the drastic changes it framed as “a Herculean task creating an unacceptable risk of safety and security failures within the Android ecosystem.” In its Friday statement, Epic blasted Google’s tactics as “fearmongering.”
Google also argued the shake-up would saddle it with unreasonable costs, a contention Donato also brushed aside during Friday’s hearing.
“I don’t want to be glib about it, but the expense that Google might incur appears to be a drop in the bucket compared to the profits it reaps annually from the Play Store,” Donato said.
