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They’re alive! 46,000-year-old roundworms revived from Siberian permafrost, scientists say – Global News

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There’s hibernation and then there’s this.

Scientists say they have managed to wake up roundworms asleep for 46,000 years, according to a new analysis published Thursday in PLOS Genetics. The worms were pulled out of the Siberian permafrost, 40 metres below the surface, where they stayed frozen but alive in a “state of suspended metabolism called cryptobiosis.”

By very slowly and gently thawing the roundworms, also called nematodes, researchers were able to get them to the point where they could wriggle around, eat and even reproduce.

One of the worms was bred in a lab for 100 generations, after researchers found that the species could reproduce parthenogenetically, or without a male partner.

The study published Thursday builds on prior research published in 2018, which estimated that the roundworms dated back 42,000 years and belonged to two genera: Panagrolaimus and Plectus.

But by radiocarbon dating plant matter found with the worms, researchers say they could get an even more precise date of 46,000 years old. The worms were found in a prehistoric burrow left by arctic gophers of the genus Citellusthey wrote.

The research team also conducted a new genetic analysis of the worms and found that the Panagrolaimus worms belonged to a completely new species. The team named the new worm Panagrolaimus kolymaensis, for the Kolyma River near where it was found.

It’s possible that these nematodes have been asleep since the Pleistocene, meaning these tiny worms have “evolved mechanisms potentially allowing them to suspend life over geological time scales,” the report reads, adding that these results could one day lead to improved conservation efforts for endangered species, especially in the face of global warming and extreme heat.

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“Our findings are essential for understanding evolutionary processes because generation times can range from days to millennia,” concludes Philipp Schiffer, one of the authors who oversaw the study.

But not all scientists are convinced these roundworms really travelled tens of thousands of years in time.

“I don’t doubt the age of the organic material in the permafrost,” Byron Adams, a biologist at Brigham Young University told Scientific American. “Those values are likely legit.”

He doesn’t believe the authors of the study have done enough work to show that the roundworms in their permafrost sample “are not simply surface contaminants.”

Study co-author Teymuras Kurzchalia, a cell biologist emeritus at the Max Planck Institute, told Scientific American that while he was not there when the samples were extracted in 2002, he trusts the scientists who were, and believes the sterility procedures used were enough to prevent contamination.

If the roundworms really are 46,000 years old, that would blow the previous record out of the water. Before this, the oldest roundworm to be revived from cryptobiosis had been dried up on a preserved plant sample for 39 years. Another notable roundworm was frozen on moss in the Antarctic for 25 and a half years.

The sheer length of time these worms survived is causing even scientists’ heads to spin.

“This raises the question of whether there is an upper limit to the length of time an individual can remain in the cryptobiotic state,” the study reads.

A comparison of the P. kolymaensis worm with a common nematode species used in labs found that the two species used the same chemical mechanisms to enter cryptobiosis.

The common dauer larva must process a sugar called trehalose in order to survive being frozen. A genetic analysis found that the genes required for this process were also present in the ancient P. kolymaensis.

“This survival kit is the same as it was 46,000 years ago,” Kurzchalia says.

These results are particularly exciting because, as the world continues to face record-breaking heat, it could be invaluable to know how some animals are able to survive such extremes.

“We need to know how species adapted to the extreme through evolution to maybe help species alive today and humans as well,” Schiffer said.

&copy 2023 Global News, a division of Corus Entertainment Inc.

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The body of a Ugandan Olympic athlete who was set on fire by her partner is received by family

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NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) — The body of Ugandan Olympic athlete Rebecca Cheptegei — who died after being set on fire by her partner in Kenya — was received Friday by family and anti-femicide crusaders, ahead of her burial a day later.

Cheptegei’s family met with dozens of activists Friday who had marched to the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital’s morgue in the western city of Eldoret while chanting anti-femicide slogans.

She is the fourth female athlete to have been killed by her partner in Kenya in yet another case of gender-based violence in recent years.

Viola Cheptoo, the founder of Tirop Angels – an organization that was formed in honor of athlete Agnes Tirop, who was stabbed to death in 2021, said stakeholders need to ensure this is the last death of an athlete due to gender-based violence.

“We are here to say that enough is enough, we are tired of burying our sisters due to GBV,” she said.

It was a somber mood at the morgue as athletes and family members viewed Cheptegei’s body which sustained 80% of burns after she was doused with gasoline by her partner Dickson Ndiema. Ndiema sustained 30% burns on his body and later succumbed.

Ndiema and Cheptegei were said to have quarreled over a piece of land that the athlete bought in Kenya, according to a report filed by the local chief.

Cheptegei competed in the women’s marathon at the Paris Olympics less than a month before the attack. She finished in 44th place.

Cheptegei’s father, Joseph, said that the body will make a brief stop at their home in the Endebess area before proceeding to Bukwo in eastern Uganda for a night vigil and burial on Saturday.

“We are in the final part of giving my daughter the last respect,” a visibly distraught Joseph said.

He told reporters last week that Ndiema was stalking and threatening Cheptegei and the family had informed police.

Kenya’s high rates of violence against women have prompted marches by ordinary citizens in towns and cities this year.

Four in 10 women or an estimated 41% of dating or married Kenyan women have experienced physical or sexual violence perpetrated by their current or most recent partner, according to the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022.

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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The ancient jar smashed by a 4-year-old is back on display at an Israeli museum after repair

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TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — A rare Bronze-Era jar accidentally smashed by a 4-year-old visiting a museum was back on display Wednesday after restoration experts were able to carefully piece the artifact back together.

Last month, a family from northern Israel was visiting the museum when their youngest son tipped over the jar, which smashed into pieces.

Alex Geller, the boy’s father, said his son — the youngest of three — is exceptionally curious, and that the moment he heard the crash, “please let that not be my child” was the first thought that raced through his head.

The jar has been on display at the Hecht Museum in Haifa for 35 years. It was one of the only containers of its size and from that period still complete when it was discovered.

The Bronze Age jar is one of many artifacts exhibited out in the open, part of the Hecht Museum’s vision of letting visitors explore history without glass barriers, said Inbal Rivlin, the director of the museum, which is associated with Haifa University in northern Israel.

It was likely used to hold wine or oil, and dates back to between 2200 and 1500 B.C.

Rivlin and the museum decided to turn the moment, which captured international attention, into a teaching moment, inviting the Geller family back for a special visit and hands-on activity to illustrate the restoration process.

Rivlin added that the incident provided a welcome distraction from the ongoing war in Gaza. “Well, he’s just a kid. So I think that somehow it touches the heart of the people in Israel and around the world,“ said Rivlin.

Roee Shafir, a restoration expert at the museum, said the repairs would be fairly simple, as the pieces were from a single, complete jar. Archaeologists often face the more daunting task of sifting through piles of shards from multiple objects and trying to piece them together.

Experts used 3D technology, hi-resolution videos, and special glue to painstakingly reconstruct the large jar.

Less than two weeks after it broke, the jar went back on display at the museum. The gluing process left small hairline cracks, and a few pieces are missing, but the jar’s impressive size remains.

The only noticeable difference in the exhibit was a new sign reading “please don’t touch.”

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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B.C. sets up a panel on bear deaths, will review conservation officer training

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VICTORIA – The British Columbia government is partnering with a bear welfare group to reduce the number of bears being euthanized in the province.

Nicholas Scapillati, executive director of Grizzly Bear Foundation, said Monday that it comes after months-long discussions with the province on how to protect bears, with the goal to give the animals a “better and second chance at life in the wild.”

Scapillati said what’s exciting about the project is that the government is open to working with outside experts and the public.

“So, they’ll be working through Indigenous knowledge and scientific understanding, bringing in the latest techniques and training expertise from leading experts,” he said in an interview.

B.C. government data show conservation officers destroyed 603 black bears and 23 grizzly bears in 2023, while 154 black bears were killed by officers in the first six months of this year.

Scapillati said the group will publish a report with recommendations by next spring, while an independent oversight committee will be set up to review all bear encounters with conservation officers to provide advice to the government.

Environment Minister George Heyman said in a statement that they are looking for new ways to ensure conservation officers “have the trust of the communities they serve,” and the panel will make recommendations to enhance officer training and improve policies.

Lesley Fox, with the wildlife protection group The Fur-Bearers, said they’ve been calling for such a committee for decades.

“This move demonstrates the government is listening,” said Fox. “I suspect, because of the impending election, their listening skills are potentially a little sharper than they normally are.”

Fox said the partnership came from “a place of long frustration” as provincial conservation officers kill more than 500 black bears every year on average, and the public is “no longer tolerating this kind of approach.”

“I think that the conservation officer service and the B.C. government are aware they need to change, and certainly the public has been asking for it,” said Fox.

Fox said there’s a lot of optimism about the new partnership, but, as with any government, there will likely be a lot of red tape to get through.

“I think speed is going to be important, whether or not the committee has the ability to make change and make change relatively quickly without having to study an issue to death, ” said Fox.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 9, 2024.

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