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Mpox: U. of S. studying animal-human transfer and treatment

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SASKATOON — Scientists Drs. Alyson Kelvin (PhD) and Angela Rasmussen (PhD) from the University of Saskatchewan’s (USask) Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO) have received $1-million in total funding to study mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR).

The scientists were successful in CIHR’s “Team Grant: Mpox (monkeypox) and zoonotic threats.”

Mpox re-emerged in 2022—resulting in over 87 thousand confirmed cases and 141 deaths in 111 countries. Although it is no longer labeled a public health emergency of international concern, the World Health Organization stated it continues to be a significant public health challenge requiring a proactive and sustainable response.

“Strengthening capacity and expertise is critical to respond to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases—like mpox—and further defines VIDO role as Canada’s Centre for Pandemic Research,” said VIDO Director and CEO Dr. Volker Gerdts. “The support from CIHR will help prevent future outbreaks of mpox and other related viruses in Canada and globally.”

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Investigating mpox virus spillover and spillback at the human-animal interface

Previous mpox outbreaks were caused by virus spillover from an unknown animal reservoir in endemic regions (regions with a constant presence of virus) such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). However, research into the roles of animal reservoirs in human outbreaks, and the potential for new animal reservoirs in naive wildlife, have largely been neglected and the mechanisms of transmission are not well understood.

Kelvin will lead a project to understand virus transmission at the human-animal interface. She highlights, “by determining what wild animals can harbour the virus and then how these animals interact with people, we will be able to prevent new infections in Canadians and North American wildlife, as well as the international spread of this virus causing public health emergencies of international concern.”

Kelvin’s team will follow positive human cases in the DRC to determine virus spillover events from wildlife, as well as spillback into companion animals driven by infected humans. Positive human and animal samples will be sequenced to establish chains of virus transmission. This will be followed by studies in VIDO’s containment Level 3 laboratory to determine the potential for mpox virus to infect Canadian wildlife species, such as the North American beaver, and act as a reservoir which could initiate transmission chains in Canada.

Collaborating in the project is the International Monkeypox Response Consortium (IMReC) which includes scientists from regions of continental Africa, as well as international virologists and viral ecologists from the University of Manitoba, University of Arkansas, University of California, Los Angeles, and the DRC.

Developing a genetically diverse mpox model to examine host responses and therapeutics

The host’s response to an infection is a critical determinant of disease severity. However, the host response to mpox infection and how it relates to disease progression is largely unknown. Furthermore, although antiviral therapies can effectively treat mpox, research is needed to determine their optimal use to resolve symptoms.

Current mpox disease models are not genetically diverse and are unable to reproduce the range of disease seen in human patients. Rasmussen and her team will use the Collaborative Cross, a panel of genetically diverse mice, to study the host responses to mpox infection that lead to specific disease outcomes. Rasmussen’s team will also test the ability of antiviral drugs to improve mpox disease features such as skin lesions when treatment is initiated at different times following infection.

“A major goal of our project’s work is to improve clinical outcomes for 2SLGBTQIA+ communities disproportionately affected by the 2022 epidemic, as well as make a scientific case for broader access to therapeutics around the world,” stated Rasmussen. “This research will provide insight into the role of the host response in determining mpox disease severity and help optimize the use of antivirals to treat mpox and provide the greatest benefit to patients.”

The project will establish a mouse model that will be a valuable resource to the scientific community for studying mpox and developing improved vaccines and therapies.

Rasmussen will collaborate with scientists from VIDO, the University of Manitoba, Texas A&M University, New York University, and an industry partner.

— Submitted by USask Media Relations

 

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Quebec successfully pushes back against rise in measles cases – CBC.ca

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Quebec appears to be winning its battle against the rising tide of measles after 45 cases were confirmed province-wide this year.

“We’ve had no locally transmitted measles cases since March 25, so that’s good news,” said Dr. Paul Le Guerrier, responsible for immunization for Montreal Public Health.

There are 17 patients with measles in Quebec currently, and the most recent case is somebody who was infected while abroad, he said.

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But it was no small task to get to this point. 

Le Guerrier said once local transmission was detected, news was spread fast among health centres to ensure proper protocols were followed — such as not letting potentially infected people sit in waiting rooms for hours on end.

Then about 90 staffers were put to work, tracking down those who were in contact with positive cases and are not properly vaccinated. They were given post-exposure prophylaxis, which prevents disease, said Le Guerrier.

From there, a vaccination campaign was launched, especially in daycares, schools and neighbourhoods with low inoculation rates. There was an effort to convince parents to get their children vaccinated.

Vaccination in schools boosted

Some schools, mostly in Montreal, had vaccination rates as low as 30 or 40 per cent.

“Vaccination was well accepted and parents responded well,” said Le Guerrier. “Some schools went from very low to as high as 85 to 90 per cent vaccination coverage.”

But it’s not only children who aren’t properly vaccinated. Le Guerrier said people need two doses after age one to be fully inoculated, and he encouraged people to check their status.

There are all kinds of reasons why people aren’t vaccinated, but it’s only about five per cent who are against immunization, he said. So far, some 10,000 people have been vaccinated against measles province-wide during this campaign, Le Guerrier said. 

The next step is to continue pushing for further vaccination, but he said, small outbreaks are likely in the future as measles is spreading abroad and travellers are likely to bring it back with them.

Need to improve vaccination rate, expert says

Dr. Donald Vinh, an infectious diseases specialist from the McGill University Health Centre, said it’s not time to rest on our laurels, but this is a good indication that public health is able to take action quickly and that people are willing to listen to health recommendations.

“We are not seeing new cases or at least the new cases are not exceeding the number of cases that we can handle,” said Vinh.

“So these are all reassuring signs, but I don’t think it’s a sign that we need to become complacent.”

Vinh said there are also signs that the public is lagging in vaccine coverage and it’s important to respond to this with improved education and access. Otherwise, microbes capitalize on our weaknesses, he said. 

Getting vaccination coverage up to an adequate level is necessary, Vinh said, or more small outbreaks like this will continue to happen.

“And it’s very possible that we may not be able to get one under control if we don’t react quickly enough,” he said.

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Pregnant women in the Black Country urged to get whooping cough vaccine – BBC.com

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Pregnant women urged to get whooping cough vaccine

Babies are routinely given the vaccine at eight, 12 and 16 weeks

Pregnant women in the Black Country are being urged to get vaccinated against whooping cough after a rise in cases.

The bacterial infection of the lungs spreads very easily and can cause serious problems, especially in babies and young children.

The Black Country Integrated Care Board (ICB) is advising pregnant women between 16 and 32 weeks to contact their GP to get the vaccine so their baby has protection from birth.

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The UK Health Security Agency warned earlier this year of a steady decline in uptake of the vaccine in pregnant women and children.

Symptoms of the infection, also known as “100-day cough”, are similar to a cold, with a runny nose and sore throat.

Sally Roberts, chief nursing officer for the ICB, which covers Wolverhampton, Dudley, Walsall and Sandwell, said anyone could catch it, but it was more serious for young children and babies.

“Getting vaccinated while you’re pregnant is highly effective in protecting your baby from developing whooping cough in the first few weeks of their life – ideally from 16 weeks up to 32 weeks of pregnancy,” she said.

“If for any reason you miss having the vaccine, you can still have it up until you go into labour.”

Follow BBC West Midlands on Facebook, X and Instagram. Send your story ideas to: newsonline.westmidlands@bbc.co.uk

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Measles cases stabilize in Montreal – CityNews Montreal

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The number of measles cases has stabilized, according to the Montreal Public Health.

Since March 25, there have been no contaminations reported within the community.

“Our teams have identified all contact cases of measles,” said media relations advisor Geneviève Paradis. “It’s a laborious task: each measles case produces hundreds of contacts.”

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All community transmission cases since February 2024 have been caused by returning travelers who were either unvaccinated or partially vaccinated.

Currently, there are 18 measles cases in Montreal – with 46 total in Quebec. This according to the April 18 figures from the provincial government.

“With the summer vacations approaching, if you’re travelling, it is essential to check if you are protected against measles,” explained Paradis.

According to Montreal Public Health, a person needs to have received two doses after the age of 12 months to be immunized against the virus.

They’ve launched a vaccination campaign throughout the region, and currently, 11,341 people have been vaccinated against measles in Montreal between March 19 and April 15.

Vaccination is also being provided in schools and at local service points.

“The vaccination operation is under the responsibility of the five CIUSSS of the territory,” concluded Paradis.

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