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Newly Sequenced Giant Squid Genome Raises as Many Questions as It Answers – Gizmodo

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Photo: David McNew (Getty Images)

One the most intriguing and mysterious creatures on the planet—the giant squid—has finally had its genome fully sequenced. But while the genome is helping to explain many of its distinguishing features, including its large size and big brain, we still have much to learn about this near-mythical beast.

“A genome is a first step for answering a lot of questions about the biology of these very weird animals,” Caroline Albertin, a co-author of the new GigaScience study and a geneticist at the Marine Biological Laboratory at the University of Chicago, said in a press release.

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Indeed, little is known about the giant squid, due to its skittish nature and because it lives at such great depths. To date, not a single giant squid has been captured alive, so much of its biology remains a mystery. The only specimens that have been studied are carcasses that washed ashore or were accidentally hauled up by fisherman, and sightings in the wild have been limited to spooky, teasing glimpses taken by underwater cameras.

But now, in an important development, scientists have a fully sequenced giant squid genome.

Engraving of a giant squid stranded in 1877 on Trinity Bay, Newfoundland.
Image: Unknown/Wikimedia

“Having this giant squid genome is an important node in helping us understand what makes a cephalopod a cephalopod,” said Albertin. “And it also can help us understand how new and novel genes arise in evolution and development.”

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In total, the researchers identified approximately 2.7 billion DNA base pairs, which is around 90 percent the size of the human genome. There’s nothing particularly special about that size, especially considering that the axolotl genome is 10 times larger than the human genome. It’s going to take some time to fully understand and appreciate the intricacies of the giant squid’s genetic profile, but these preliminary results are already helping to explain some of its more remarkable features.

For example, Albertin and her colleagues identified a group of genes called reflectins, which are only known to exist in cephalopods. It’s a key finding, as color is an an essential element of camouflage.

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“Reflectins are a family of proteins that are only found in cephalopods, such as squid, cuttlefish, and octopus,” said Albertin in an email to Gizmodo. “They are involved in making the iridescence in the skin and the eyes, and most cephalopods, including the giant squid, have several of these genes.”

Because reflectins are only found in cephalopods, biologists can only study them in this group of animals, she said. Only a handful of cephalopods have been sequenced, “so the giant squid genome will be able to help us to understand the biology of this family of proteins,” explained Albertin.

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A giant squid measuring over 4 meters (13 feet) long.
Image: NASA

The scientists also identified genes responsible for growth and development, namely the Hox and Wnt genes. These genes might play a role in this animal’s gigantism, as individuals typically grow to between 9 and 13 meters in length (30 to 42 feet). That said, their size doesn’t appear to be the result of whole-genome duplication, an evolutionary growth strategy seen in large-bodied vertebrates.

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“Whole genome duplication has been described in a number of different groups of organisms,” Albertin told Gizmodo. “Some plants are famous for this, but vertebrates—animals with a backbone—also had a whole genome duplication that has been hypothesized to be important in their evolution. We don’t see evidence for whole genome duplication in any of the cephalopods examined thus far, including the giant squid.”

As to how the giant squid got to be so big remains an unanswered question.

Giant squids also have large brains, which we can only assume are as complex as those seen in other cephalopods. And indeed, the researchers identified well over 100 genes in a grouping known as protocadherins, which aren’t typically found in invertebrates.

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“For a long time, we thought that having a lot of protocadherins was only found in vertebrates, so we were really surprised when we found more than 160 of them in the octopus genome,” said Albertin, in reference to her 2015 paper on the subject. “We have found an expansion of protocadherins in the giant squid as well, which has the largest invertebrate brain. We don’t yet know what they are doing, but it could be a clue to how you make a complicated brain,” she told Gizmodo.

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Most of the genes seen in the giant squid are shared with other animals, like octopuses, snails, worms, flies, and humans, so this genome will now serve as an important reference point for scientists when comparing it to other cephalopods and animals, and for studying the giant squid’s unique features, said Albertin.

The scientific quest to learn more about giant squids continues. Thankfully, and as Albertin pointed out, marine biologists who study giant squids and related species are now equipped with a powerful new resource to help them learn more.

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NASA hears from Voyager 1, the most distant spacecraft from Earth, after months of quiet

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CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (AP) – NASA has finally heard back from Voyager 1 again in a way that makes sense.

The most distant spacecraft from Earth stopped sending back understandable data last November. Flight controllers traced the blank communication to a bad computer chip and rearranged the spacecraft’s coding to work around the trouble.

NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California declared success after receiving good engineering updates late last week. The team is still working to restore transmission of the science data.

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It takes 22 1/2 hours to send a signal to Voyager 1, more than 15 billion miles (24 billion kilometers) away in interstellar space. The signal travel time is double that for a round trip.

Contact was never lost, rather it was like making a phone call where you can’t hear the person on the other end, a JPL spokeswoman said Tuesday.

Launched in 1977 to study Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 1 has been exploring interstellar space – the space between star systems – since 2012. Its twin, Voyager 2, is 12.6 billion miles (20 billion kilometers) away and still working fine.

 

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SpaceX launches 23 Starlink satellites from Florida (photos)

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SpaceX sent yet another batch of its Starlink internet satellites skyward today (April 23).

A Falcon 9 rocket topped with 23 Starlink spacecraft lifted off from Florida’s Cape Canaveral Space Force Station today at 6:17 p.m. EDT (2217 GMT).

The Falcon 9’s first stage came back to Earth for a vertical landing about 8.5 minutes after launch as planned. It touched down on the SpaceX droneship Just Read the Instructions, which was stationed in the Atlantic Ocean.

It was the ninth launch and landing for this particular booster, according to a SpaceX mission description. Five of its previous eight liftoffs were Starlink missions.

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The Falcon 9’s upper stage will continue carrying the 23 Starlink satellites toward low Earth orbit (LEO) today, deploying them about 65 minutes after liftoff.

This evening’s launch was the 41st of the year for SpaceX, and the 28th of 2024 dedicated to building out the huge and ever-growing Starlink megaconstellation. There are nearly 5,800 operational Starlink satellites in LEO at the moment, according to astrophysicist and satellite tracker Jonathan McDowell.

The Starlink launch ended up being the first half of a spaceflight doubleheader: A Rocket Lab Electron vehicle launched two satellites, including a NASA solar-sailing technology demonstrator, from New Zealand today at 6:33 p.m. EDT (2233 GMT).

Editor’s note: This story was updated at 6:30 p.m. ET on April 23 with news of successful launch and first-stage landing.

 

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Exploring ecological networks in a digital world | News | Vancouver Island University | Canada – Vancouver Island University News

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Getting to know Samantha Letourneau

By day, Samantha Letourneau is Vancouver Island University’s Canada Learning Bond project lead and Volunteer Tutor Coordinator. She’s also a musician and dancer and for the past two years, she’s been collaborating with Swedish artist Mårten Spångberg, thanks to funding obtained through Crimson Coast Dance, to create a digital art installation that goes live on Friday, April 26. A launch event takes place at Black Rabbit restaurant in the Old City Quarter that night. Samantha is also hosting a creative process workshop on April 27 and 28.

Can you share a bit about your background as an artist and how you got into it?

I have been working in art for a very long time, as a musician and dancer as well as an art administrator and program coordinator. I started music at the age of 11 and dance came later in my life in my early 20s. I always wanted to do dance, but I grew up in a small community in Yellowknife and at that time the only dance classes available were highland dancing, which I was not very interested in. 

In my early 20s while living in Vancouver, I took classes in contemporary dance and was fortunate to land a small part in the Karen Jameison Dance company for a piece called The River. The River was about rivers and connection between the reality of a real and physical outdoor river and the different reality of “the river within.” It was both a piece of art and outreach for the community. It included working with the S’pak’wus Slu’lum Dancers of the Squamish Nation. Somewhat ground-breaking for 1998.

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From there I was hooked and wanted to do more in dance. I studied a lot and took many classes. Fast forward to now, I have been involved with productions and performances with Crimson Coast Dance for more than 15 years and greatly appreciate the talent and innovation that Artistic Director Holly Bright has brought to this community. She is amazing and very supportive of artists in Nanaimo.

How did this international exchange come about?

The Nordic/Nanaimo exchange is one of the innovative projects Holly created. At the height of the pandemic, funded by BC Arts Council and Made In BC, Crimson Coast Dance embarked on a project that explored the ways in which Nanaimo artists could participate in online exchanges. 

Two artists in Nanaimo – myself and Genevieve Johnson – were introduced to artists from Europe and supported through this international exchange. My collaborator, Mårten Spångberg, is a Swedish artist living and working in Berlin. An extension of that exchange is funded by Canada Council for the Arts – Digital Now.

What brought Mårten and myself together – and I quote Mårten here – is “questions around climate change, ecology and the influence contemporary society has on its environments. We are not interested in making art about the ecological crises or informing our audience about the urgency that climate change implies, but instead through our research develop work that in itself proposes, practices and engages in alternative ecologies.”

We share an understanding that art is a unique place, in the sense of practice, activation, performance and event, through which alternative ecologies can emerge and be probed and analyzed.

Tell us about the launch event.

We are launching the digital art installation that Mårten and I created on April 26 at The Attic at Black Rabbit Restaurant. The event is free to attend but people must sign up as seating is limited. I produced video art with soundscapes that I recorded mixing field recordings with voice and instrumentation. Marten explores text, imagery and AI.

My focus is on the evolving and ongoing process of how we communicate with each other and to nature within a digital context.

During our collaboration, Mårten and I talked about networks, though not just the expansive digital network of the internet but of nature. We shared thoughts on mycelium, a network of fungal threads or hyphae, that lately has received much attention on the importance of its function for the environment, including human beings.

Building off this concept, ideas of digital and ecological landscapes being connected emerged. From this we worked both collaboratively and individually to produce material for this digital project. Mårten will be there via Zoom as well and we will talk about this two-year process and the work we created together.

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