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Quebec study confirms practice of forced sterilizations of Indigenous women

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MONTREAL — There have been at least 22 cases of forced sterilization of First Nations and Inuit women in Quebec since 1980, a university study released Thursday concluded.

The study, out of Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, says it’s the first of its kind to document the forced sterilization of First Nations and Inuit women in the province, adding that the results show there is an “obvious presence” of systemic racism in Quebec.

“I know my sister went through it,” said one participant quoted in the study. “She died of uterine cancer in 2014. We were told she was going down for a tonsillectomy, and when she came back, we found out she had a tubal ligation.

“She never spoke about it. We did talk right after she came back, and I was trying to cheer her up or make her laugh. I said, ‘Well, you must have had a lousy doctor. Your tonsils are in here, and your fallopian tubes are down there.’”

The study’s authors noted that several of the 35 participants did not realize they had been sterilized until years after, when they sought treatment for fertility issues. The majority of the women in the study were forcibly sterilized when they were in hospital to give birth. Others, however, were sterilized after being admitted into care for procedures unrelated to fertility or their reproductive system.

The majority of the women cited in the study did not sign a form consenting to sterilization, and those who did said the information they received from medical staff was not clear about the procedures’ impact on their future ability to have children.

“No, he didn’t tell me anything,” another participant said, referring to the doctor. “He just said, ‘It would be better if you had a tubal ligation. You wouldn’t have any more children. You’ve had two, and that’s enough.’ That’s what he told me.”

Out of the 35 study participants, nine had a forced hysterectomy or tubal ligation — a procedure that permanently blocks, clips or removes fallopian tubes, preventing egg fertilization. Thirteen participants said they underwent a tubal ligation or hysterectomy and were also exposed to “obstetric violence,” which the study describes as discriminatory acts, attitudes or remarks from health-care staff. Three participants reported forced abortions.

Many patients in the study said they were unaware that tubal litigation is permanent. They said they lacked information about the risks and consequences of the operation. The participants believed that it was a reversible contraceptive method and that it was possible to “untie” their tubes or “reverse” the tubal ligation when they wished to have a child again.

The most recent case of forced sterilization on a First Nations or Inuit woman was in 2019, the study said.

Quebec politicians were forced to address issues of racism in the health system in 2020, when Joyce Echaquan, a 37-year-old Atikamekw mother of seven, died in a hospital north of Montreal after filming herself as medical staff hurled racist remarks at her. The video circulated widely on social media and shocked the province.

And while the Quebec government has recognized that there is racism in the health system and within the province, neither Premier François Legault nor members of his caucus will publicly use the term “systemic racism.”

The study, released on Thursday but dated from September, is called “Free and informed consent and imposed sterilizations among First Nations and Inuit women in Quebec.” Its lead author, Prof. Suzy Basile, is the Canada Research Chair in Indigenous women’s issues at Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue. The report was jointly produced with the First Nations of Quebec and Labrador Health and Social Services Commission.

Among the report’s recommendations is a call to the Quebec college of physicians to immediately end the practice of forced sterilization. It also demands action from the provincial and federal governments.

In an email, the college of physicians declined an interview request, but spokesperson Leslie Labranche said that no examination or medical intervention can be carried out on a patient without their free and informed consent.

“As we did last year following a media report concerning non-consensual sterilizations, we will again remind doctors about free and informed consent. We must never again have women undergo this procedure without having consented to it.”

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Nov. 24, 2022.

This story was produced with the financial assistance of the Meta and Canadian Press News Fellowship.

 

Marisela Amador, The Canadian Press

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Toronto Argonauts clinch second in East with 38-31 home win over Ottawa Redblacks

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TORONTO – Chad Kelly and the Toronto Argonauts ensured there will be one more home game in their season.

Kelly threw three touchdown passes and ran for another as Toronto held on for a wild 38-31 home win over Ottawa on Saturday afternoon. The Argos (10-7) clinched second in the East Division with their third straight victory and will face the Redblacks (8-8-1) in the opening round of the CFL playoffs Nov. 2 at BMO Field.

Ottawa suffered a fifth straight loss but created plenty of angst for both the Argos and their season-high gathering of 20,487. The Redblacks outscored Toronto 25-0 in the fourth quarter to turn a seemingly one-sided game into a nail-biter that came down to the final play.

“We’ve got to finish, we’ve got to finish a lot better,” said Kelly. “It’s part of the game where you play a full 60 minutes.

“They’re a professional football team, they’re not going to give up and we’ve got to be better.”

Kelly finished 31-of-43 passing for 331 yards. He also ran 10 times for 25 yards before giving way to Cameron Dukes late in the fourth.

Ottawa’s Dru Brown completed 31-of-43 passes for 400 yards with four TDs and an interception. He began the Redblacks’ comeback by hitting Bralon Addison on a 32-yard scoring strike at 2:30 of the fourth to cut Toronto’s lead to 38-12 as the two-point convert was unsuccessful.

After being intercepted by Toronto’s Tavarus McFadden, Brown found rookie Nick Mardner on a six-yard TD pass at 12:21, then passed to Justin Hardy for the two-point convert. After Kene Onyeka recovered the onside kick, Brown connected with Hardy on a 14-yard touchdown toss and Addison for the two-point convert at 12:56.

Amazingly, Ottawa recovered another onside kick — this time via Jaelon Acklin — at the Toronto 52. Lewis Ward’s 38-yard field goal with 1:12 remaining cut the Argos’ lead to 38-31.

Toronto’s Daniel Adeboboye recovered the third onside kick at the Ottawa 42. The Argos didn’t get the first down and punted with the Redblacks taking possession at their 12-yard line with 30 seconds remaining.

With Ottawa at its 37-yard line and two seconds to play, Brown completed his final pass to Hardy at Toronto’s 52-yard line. Following a series of laterals, the game ended with offensive lineman Dariusz Bladek being tackled.

“They don’t give up, they’re no pushover,” Toronto linebacker Wynton McManis. “They have a lot of fight in them.

“The way this team is built, we know that’s not us. We know we’re a lot better than that … this will never happen again. It won’t.”

Dejon Brissett, with two, Ka’Deem Carey and Makai Polk scored Toronto’s other touchdowns. Lirim Hajrullahu booted five converts and a field goal.

Addison finished with two TDs for Ottawa.

Redblacks’ head coach Bob Dyce wasn’t surprised by his team’s resiliency and fight. But he said how the Redblacks played in the fourth is how they must play throughout an entire contest.

“I’m always going to be proud of these guys in the way they fight but we can’t allow ourselves to get into a situation where you’re down like that,” he said. “We have to start games faster than what we have.”

Ottawa finishes its regular season hosting Hamilton (7-10) on Friday. Although the Tiger-Cats have been eliminated from playoff contention, they’ve won five of their last six games.

“It’s a very meaningful game for us because we have to show we can play like that for four quarters,” Dyce said.

Before the fourth-quarter fireworks, Toronto appeared to be on cruise control. Kelly and Brissett combined to finish a 13-play, 82-yard march on a 10-yard TD pass at 13:13 of the third that put the Argos ahead 38-6.

Brown’s seven-yard TD pass to Addison at 12:23 of the second cut Toronto’s halftime lead to 28-6. Addison put the finishing touches on a five-play, 75-yard march but Benji Franklin blocked Ward’s convert try.

Toronto was dominant to that point, scoring touchdowns on its first four possessions. Kelly completed his first 12 passes for 238 yards and two TDs while also running for another before finishing the half with three straight incompletions.

Still, Toronto rolled up 297 net offensive yards, converted nine-of-15 second-down chances and held the ball for more than 19 minutes. Polk had three catches for 104 yards and a TD.

Brown was 10-of-13 passing for 123 yards, much of that coming on the scoring drive. But Ottawa had only 113 net offensive yards and ran half as many offensive plays (19) as Toronto (38).

Kelly’s 47-yard TD pass to Polk at 4:57 extended Toronto’s lead to 28-0. It followed a 29-yard TD strike to Brissett 14 seconds into the second that was set up by Wynton McManis’s fumble recovery.

Kelly’s one-yard run at 14:12 of the first put Toronto ahead 14-0 and culminated a 14-play, 98-yard march. Carey opened the scoring with a one-yard TD run on third down at 5:07.

It was the seventh play of the 91-yard drive that followed Ward’s missed 43-yard field goal try.

UP NEXT

Argonauts: Visit the Edmonton Elks (6-11) on Friday.

Redblacks: Host the Hamilton Tiger-Cats (7-10) on Friday.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Oct. 19, 2024.



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