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The $16 Trillion European Union Economy

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Chart showing a breakdown of the European Union economy by country

The European Union has the third-largest economy in the world, accounting for one-sixth of global trade. All together, 27 member countries make up one internal market allowing free movement of goods, services, capital and people.

But how did this sui generis (a class by itself) political entity come into being?

A Brief History of the EU

After the devastating aftermath of the World War II, Western Europe saw a concerted move towards regional peace and security by promoting democracy and protecting human rights.

Crucially, the Schuman Declaration was presented in 1950. The coal and steel industries of Western Europe were integrated under common management, preventing countries from turning on each other and creating weapons of war. Six countries signed on — the eventual founders of the EU.

Here’s a list of all 27 members of the EU and the year they joined.

Country Year of entry
???????? Belgium 1958
???????? France 1958
???????? Germany 1958
???????? Italy 1958
???????? Luxembourg 1958
???????? Netherlands 1958
???????? Denmark 1973
???????? Ireland 1973
???????? Greece 1981
???????? Portugal 1986
???????? Spain 1986
???????? Austria 1995
???????? Finland 1995
???????? Sweden 1995
???????? Cyprus 2004
???????? Czechia 2004
???????? Estonia 2004
???????? Hungary 2004
???????? Latvia 2004
???????? Lithuania 2004
???????? Malta 2004
???????? Poland 2004
???????? Slovakia 2004
???????? Slovenia 2004
???????? Bulgaria 2007
???????? Romania 2007
???????? Croatia 2013

Greater economic and security cooperation followed over the next four decades, along with the addition of new members. These tighter relationships disincentivized conflict, and Western Europe—after centuries of constant war—has seen unprecedented peace for the last 80 years.

The modern version of the EU can trace its origin to 1993, with the adoption of the name, ‘the European Union,’ the birth of a single market, and the promise to use a single currency—the euro.

Since then the EU has become an economic and political force to reckon with. Its combined gross domestic product (GDP) stood at $16.6 trillion in 2022, after the U.S. ($26 trillion) and China ($19 trillion.)

ℹ️ GDP is a broad indicator of the economic activity within a country. It measures the total value of economic output—goods and services—produced within a given time frame by both the private and public sectors.

Front Loading the EU Economy

For the impressive numbers it shows however, the European Union’s economic might is held up by three economic giants, per data from the International Monetary Fund. Put together, the GDPs of Germany ($4 trillion), France ($2.7 trillion) and Italy ($1.9 trillion) make up more than half of the EU’s entire economic output.

These three countries are also the most populous in the EU, and together with Spain and Poland, account for 66% of the total population of the EU.

Here’s a table of all 27 member states and the percentage they contribute to the EU’s gross domestic product.

Rank Country GDP (Billion USD) % of the EU Economy
1. ???????? Germany 4,031.1 24.26%
2. ???????? France 2,778.1 16.72%
3. ???????? Italy 1,997.0 12.02%
4. ???????? Spain 1,390.0 8.37%
5. ???????? Netherlands 990.6 5.96%
6. ???????? Poland 716.3 4.31%
7. ???????? Sweden 603.9 3.64%
8. ???????? Belgium 589.5 3.55%
9. ???????? Ireland 519.8 3.13%
10. ???????? Austria 468.0 2.82%
11. ???????? Denmark 386.7 2.33%
12. ???????? Romania 299.9 1.81%
13. ???????? Czechia 295.6 1.78%
14. ???????? Finland 281.4 1.69%
15. ???????? Portugal 255.9 1.54%
16. ???????? Greece 222.0 1.34%
17. ???????? Hungary 184.7 1.11%
18. ???????? Slovakia 112.4 0.68%
19. ???????? Bulgaria 85.0 0.51%
20. ???????? Luxembourg 82.2 0.49%
21. ???????? Croatia 69.4 0.42%
22. ???????? Lithuania 68.0 0.41%
23. ???????? Slovenia 62.2 0.37%
24. ???????? Latvia 40.6 0.24%
25. ???????? Estonia 39.1 0.24%
26. ???????? Cyprus 26.7 0.16%
27. ???????? Malta 17.2 0.10%
Total 16,613.1 100%

The top-heaviness continues. By adding Spain ($1.3 trillion) and the Netherlands ($990 billion), the top five make up nearly 70% of the EU’s GDP. That goes up to 85% when the top 10 countries are included.

That means less than half of the 27 member states make up $14 trillion of the $16 trillion EU economy.

Older Members, Larger Share

Aside from the most populous members having bigger economies, another pattern emerges, with the time the country has spent in the EU.

Five of the six founders of the EU—Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium—are in the top 10 biggest economies of the EU. Ireland and Denmark, the next entrants into the union (1973) are ranked 9th and 11th respectively. The bottom 10 countries all joined the EU post-2004.

The UK—which joined the bloc in 1973 and formally left in 2020—would have been the second-largest economy in the region at $3.4 trillion.

Sectoral Analysis of the EU

The EU has four primary sectors of economic output: services, industry, construction, and agriculture (including fishing and forestry.) Below is an analysis of some of these sectors and the countries which contribute the most to it. All figures are from Eurostat.

Services and Tourism

The EU economy relies heavily on the services sector, accounting for more than 70% of the value added to the economy in 2020. It also is the sector with the highest share of employment in the EU, at 73%.

In Luxembourg, which has a large financial services sector, 87% of the country’s gross domestic product came from the services sector.

Tourism economies like Malta and Cyprus also had an above 80% share of services in their GDP.

Industry

Meanwhile 20% of the EU’s gross domestic product came from industry, with Ireland’s economy having the most share (40%) in its GDP. Czechia, Slovenia and Poland also had a significant share of industry output.

Mining coal and lignite in the EU saw a brief rebound in output in 2021, though levels continued to be subdued.

Rank Sector % of the EU Economy
1. Services 72.4%
2. Industry 20.1%
3. Construction 5.6%
4. Agriculture, forestry and fishing 1.8%

Agriculture

Less than 2% of the EU’s economy relies on agriculture, forestry and fishing. Romania, Latvia, and Greece feature as contributors to this sector, however the share in total output in each country is less than 5%. Bulgaria has the highest employment (16%) in this sector compared to other EU members.

Energy

The EU imports nearly 60% of its energy requirements. Until the end of 2021, Russia was the biggest exporter of petroleum and natural gas to the region. After the war in Ukraine that share has steadily decreased from nearly 25% to 15% for petroleum liquids and from nearly 40% to 15% for natural gas, per Eurostat.

Headwinds, High Seas

The IMF has a gloomy outlook for Europe heading into 2023. War in Ukraine, spiraling energy costs, high inflation, and stagnant wage growth means that EU leaders are facing “severe trade-offs and tough policy decisions.”

Reforms—to relieve supply constraints in the labor and energy markets—are key to increasing growth and relieving price pressures, according to the international body. The IMF projects that the EU will grow 0.7% in 2023.

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S&P/TSX composite up more than 100 points, U.S. stocks also higher

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TORONTO – Canada’s main stock index was up more than 100 points in late-morning trading, helped by strength in the base metal sector, while U.S. stock markets were also higher.

The S&P/TSX composite index was 143.00 points at 24,048.88.

In New York, the Dow Jones industrial average was up 174.22 points at 42,088.97. The S&P 500 index was up 10.23 points at 5,732.49, while the Nasdaq composite was up 30.02 points at 18,112.23.

The Canadian dollar traded for 74.23 cents US compared with 74.28 cents US on Wednesday.

The November crude oil contract was down US$1.68 at US$68.01 per barrel and the November natural gas contract was down six cents at US$2.75 per mmBTU.

The December gold contract was up US$4.40 at US$2,689.10 an ounce and the December copper contract was up 13 cents at US$4.62 a pound.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 26, 2024.

Companies in this story: (TSX:GSPTSE, TSX:CADUSD)

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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Economy to grow moderately, rates to fall below three per cent next year: Deloitte

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Deloitte Canada expects economic growth to pick up next year as it forecasts the Bank of Canada to cut its key interest rate below three per cent by mid-2025.

In the company’s fall economic outlook released Thursday, it forecasts the central bank’s interest rate will fall to 3.75 per cent by the end of this year and a neutral rate of 2.75 per cent by mid next year.

Meanwhile, it expects the economy to grow moderately as softer labour market conditions persist, especially as many homeowners have yet to face higher rates when they refinance their loans.

“We do think that we’re going to be in for a decent year next year,” said Dawn Desjardins, chief economist at Deloitte Canada.

It appears Canada will successfully skirt a recession despite the impact of higher borrowing costs on the economy, said Desjardins.

“It’s hard to argue that the economy is just skating through this period of higher interest rates. But having said that, the overall numbers themselves continue to show the economy is expanding,” she said.

“Yes, the labour market has softened, but I don’t think we’re in any kind of crisis in the labour market at this time.”

The Bank of Canada has cut its benchmark rate three times so far this year as inflation has eased, and signalled more cuts are coming.

Inflation in Canada hit the central bank’s two per cent target in August, falling from 2.5 in July to reach its lowest level since February 2021.

However, higher rates have weighed on economic growth and the labour market.

Deloitte’s predicted 2.75 per cent neutral rate — the rate at which the central bank’s monetary policy is neither stimulating nor holding back the economy — is higher than where interest rates were hovering in the years before the COVID-19 pandemic.

Desjardins said the forecast aligns with the central bank’s own projections. There are a number of factors on the horizon that may pose increased risk to inflation, she said, such as climate change.

“These are costly things that we’re going to have to deal with and will be embedded in prices. So that’s sort of how we get to this 2.75 (per cent).”

The report says the global backdrop continues to be challenging, with no clear ends to the wars in Ukraine and the Middle East, growing trade frictions and an uncertain impact of the U.S. election on policy.

Consumers and businesses alike are still facing a lot of uncertainty, said Desjardins.

The heightened uncertainty, including from the looming U.S. election in November, makes businesses reticent to invest, she said, but added more clarity should come in the new year.

“We’ll see inflation coming down and interest rates coming down. So those are two powerful factors that will support an improvement in confidence both from the consumer side as well as the business side as we go through next year,” she said.

In its report, Deloitte said it’s still optimistic about Canada’s economy next year.

“Lower rates will ease the burden on the highly indebted household sector sufficiently to support a pickup in spending and a housing market recovery,” it said in the report. “After two years of subpar growth, we look for the economy to hit its stride in 2025.”

Deloitte said despite the easing of overall inflation, shelter prices — especially rent — “remain too high for comfort.” However, it also said interest rate cuts are expected to “rejuvenate construction activity,” with home-building activity set to rise throughout 2025.

While rate cuts should help stimulate the housing market, Deloitte said it expects the recovery to be modest amid poor affordability.

Desjardins said without a significant boost to housing supply, the affordability issue is unlikely to subside.

“We know that Canada has a pretty significant supply deficit on the housing side,” she said.

“The housing cannot be created overnight.”

However, she also doesn’t see house prices significantly increasing.

“I think we’re going to see some easing up on demand from new Canadians as we move forward. So that might give a little bit of a relief,” she said.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 26, 2024.

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S&P/TSX composite moves lower Wednesday, U.S. stock markets mixed

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TORONTO – Canada’s main stock index edged lower on Wednesday, weighed down by the energy sector as the price of oil fell, while U.S. stock markets were mixed, with the S&P 500 and Dow slipping from the records set the day before.

The S&P/TSX composite index closed down 46.34 points at 23,905.88.

In New York, the Dow Jones industrial average was down 293.47 points at 41,914.75. The S&P 500 index was down 10.67 points at 5,722.26, while the Nasdaq composite was up 7.68 points at 18,082.20.

It was a quieter day as investors anticipated important economic data to come later in the week, said Jennifer Tozser, senior wealth adviser and portfolio manager with Tozser Wealth Management at National Bank Financial Wealth Management.

The next report on U.S. GDP is scheduled for release Thursday, while Friday will bring the Personal Consumption Expenditures index.

Investors will be looking for hints in the data on what the U.S. Federal Reserve might do next, Tozser said.

“Now everybody’s just sitting there looking to see if tomorrow’s economic data suggests not only how many more cuts are to come, but how fast and what magnitude.”

Last week, the U.S. Federal Reserve cut its key interest rate by half a percentage point, the first cut since its hiking campaign to fight inflation.

Meanwhile, the Bank of Canada has already cut its key rate three times this year, as the Canadian economy and labour market have softened faster than in the U.S.

Central banks in both Canada and the U.S. are set to keep cutting interest rates, but Tozser said the path is less certain south of the border.

Lower rates and the promise of more cuts on the horizon are helping boost the recent sectoral rotation in markets, said Tozser, with a broader group of companies seeing gains as attention on the Magnificent Seven stocks eases.

“We’re seeing strength in the overall economy, not just those few leaders that have been able to swim against the tide,” she said.

Large tech companies like Nvidia have led gains this year on the back of optimism over artificial intelligence.

The Canadian dollar traded for 74.28 cents US compared with 74.25 cents US on Tuesday.

The November crude oil contract was down US$1.87 at US$69.69 per barrel and the November natural gas contract was up three cents at US$2.82 per mmBTU.

The December gold contract was up US$7.70 at US$2,684.70 an ounceand the December copper contract was down less than a penny at $4.49 a pound.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 25, 2024.

Companies in this story: (TSX:GSPTSE, TSX:CADUSD)

The Canadian Press. All rights reserved.

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