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What will this cold snap mean for our bugs?

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The Prairies Climate Change Project is a joint initiative between CBC Edmonton and CBC Saskatchewan that focuses on weather and our changing climate. Meteorologist Christy Climenhaga brings her expert voice to the conversation to help explain weather phenomena and climate change and how they impact everyday life.


The last few weeks have felt like an early welcome to spring. Thawing temperatures began to eat away at the snowpack in Alberta during the first few weeks of February.

But this winter has another trick up its sleeve. A deep freeze moving into the province this week will drive the mercury down to the minus 20s or even minus 30s.

“The cold air is very close now and we’re going to see temperatures well below normal to finish this month,” said Kyle Fougere, meteorologist with Environment and Climate Change Canada.

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While many of us can reach back into the closet for our parkas, plants and animals are not quite as lucky. What will this late and abrupt cold snap mean for insects that are weathering the winter?

Winter cold and wild things

During the winter, some insects will burrow deep into the ground, waiting for warmer weather. Some remain awake.

“Our wolf spiders, springtails — a bunch of different things are actually active under the snow and we just can’t see them,” said Peter Heule, live animal supervisor at the Royal Alberta Museum.

Invertebrates survive by producing a kind of antifreeze or a cryoprotectant in their bodies.

“Antifreeze is going to mean that your body tissues will remain liquid even when we’re below zero. And then the cryoprotectants basically allow ice crystals to form in your body, but not in places where they’re going to cause damage,” he said.

Even with those adaptations, insects also need a layer of insulation, seeking refuge just under the snow or leaf litter of a yard.

Wolf spiders remain active during the winter, sheltering under the snow or leaf litter during the coldest months. (Kiki Contreras)

A winter marked by wild swings

We know that bugs are impacted by cycles of thawing and sudden deep freezes. And there has been no shortage of either this winter, with temperatures that spent very little time around the “normal” mark.

A warm autumn hit a U-turn in December with a deep freeze pulling temperatures into the minus 30s.

“It was actually very cold in December for Alberta and especially those first three weeks,” said Fougere.

As the calendar switched over to 2023, the weather also flipped, with warmer southern air and cloudy conditions helping to insulate the province.

“From about the 25th, 26th of December, we had a full, one-month period where it was near normal or slightly above normal for Alberta,” said Fougere.

“This milder trend has continued for the first couple of weeks of February.”

That luck had to run out eventually. This week, cold Arctic air will push into Western Canada.

“For the next couple of weeks, we’re not sure exactly where the coldest air is going to be,” Fougere said, “but it’s likely that we’re going to see Arctic air spread over the Prairies and indications are that it could be longer lived.”

And this particular cold snap is expected to have some staying power with frigid conditions looking to last out the month and forecasts calling for a cooler-than-normal spring.

“It’s pretty common this time of year to have these pretty large swings in the weather,” said Fougere.

The promise of spring

A man stands in the insect room at a museum in Alberta.
Peter Heule is the live animals supervisor at the Royal Alberta Museum, and collects and identifies insects from across Canada for the museum. (David Bajer/CBC News)

When winter includes wild swings in temperature, we can see higher mortality rates in the insect populations. The full impact of this winter’s fluctuations won’t be known until spring.

“Sometimes overwintering or hibernating is a risky business,” said Heule. “If you don’t choose the right site, you might not make it all the way through.”

Heule said that insects like pupating caterpillars that turn into moths and butterflies may come out early in long warm stretches and perish as they are unable to find host plants, but others can adapt.

“Wolf spiders might come out of the leaf litter and scurry around. And then as those temperatures start to drop, they might be able to find their way back to some other sheltered site or the original place they were hiding out,” he said.

“But you certainly wonder how many of these things are going to be able to find their way back to shelter or maybe get stuck in those cold temperatures.”

And as for the bugs you want to see in your yard to help your native plants thrive, Heule said there are ways to protect those insects from winter variability, such as melting snow.

“I put all of the leaf litter and all the fallen leaves into my garden beds to sort of act as a more reliable blanket than the snow and I find a lot of [insects are] using that insulation.”


Our planet is changing. So is our journalism. This story is part of a CBC News initiative entitled “Our Changing Planet” to show and explain the effects of climate change. Keep up with the latest news on our Climate and Environment page.

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14 suspects arrested in grandparents scam targeting seniors across Canada: OPP – CP24

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An interprovincial investigation into an “emergency grandparents scam” that targeted seniors across Canada has led to the arrest of 14 suspects, Ontario Provincial Police say.

Details of the investigation, dubbed Project Sharp, were announced at a news conference in Scarborough on Thursday morning.

Police said 56 charges have been laid against the suspects, who were all arrested in the Montreal area.

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According to police, since January, investigators identified 126 victims who were defrauded out of a total of $739,000. Fifteen of those victims were defrauded on multiple occasions, police said, resulting in the loss of an additional $200,000.

The victims, who range in age from 46 to 95, were targeted based on the fact that they had landline telephones, police said. While people across the country were defrauded, police said, the majority resided in Ontario.

Police said four of the 14 arrested in the fraud remain in custody while the other 10 have been released on bail. The charges they face include involvement in organized crime groups, extortion, impersonating a police officer, and fraud, police said.

OPP Det.-Insp. Sean Chatland told reporters Thursday that the police service began looking into an “organized crime group” believed to be involved in fraud during an intelligence probe in September 2022.

By February 2023, Chatland said the probe was formalized into an OPP-led joint forces investigation involving police services in both Ontario and Quebec.

“This organized crime group demonstrated a deliberate and methodical approach in exploiting victims. They operated out of Ontario and Quebec, utilizing emergency grandparents scams on victims across Canada,” Chatland said.

“They would impersonate police officers, judges, lawyers, and loved ones, preying on grandparents who believed they were trying to help family members in trouble.”

He said in many cases, the suspects utilized “money mules” or couriers to collect large sums of money from the victims.

This is a breaking news story. More details to come.

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PQ leader unapologetic about comments made regarding Canada – CTV News Montreal

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Parti Québécois (PQ) Leader Paul St-Pierre Plamondon isn’t shying away from criticism that comments he made referencing Canada’s colonial past were an inappropriate way to push his party’s sovereignty agenda.

“We need to be considering the whole history of Canada in interpreting what’s happening,” he told CJAD 800’s Aaron Rand.

This comes just days after St-Pierre Plamondon assured that Quebecers “will definitely be living through a third referendum” on sovereignty before the end of the decade if his party is elected.

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His reasoning: the federal government poses an “existential threat” to Quebecers.

“What will become of us as Quebecers if we don’t even have a fifth of the votes in a government that decides for us? We’re finished. Canada has a bleak future in store for us,” he told party members at a two-day national council on housing. “It’s a regime that only wants to crush those who refuse to assimilate.”

In speaking with Rand on Wednesday about backlash to his comments, St-Pierre Plamondon pointed out, “I’m not always soft-spoken but I always try to be as thoughtful as possible.”

Nevertheless, he doubled down on his argument, saying the federal government was “disrespecting” the provinces when it comes to issues like immigration.

“That doesn’t give us any hopes of integration, and housing, and of providing services for these people under the federal power of immigration,” he said.

Plamondon stated that there are currently 560,000 temporary immigrants in Quebec, and if the federal government continues on this path, “there is no viable future for Quebec.”

LISTEN ON CJAD 800 RADIO: PQ leader accuses Canada of ‘disrespecting the competencies of provinces’

He also refused to apologize for referencing Canada’s history, saying the country shouldn’t shy away from its past.

“Talking about history is not being radical even though the [Quebec Liberal Party] PLQ or Éric Duhaime tries to distort what I said to make me a radical politician,” he said. “I don’t think people will buy that because I’ve been constant for the past years, and talking about history shouldn’t be radical in my view.”

He points out that his criticisms aren’t specifically aimed at Prime Minister Justin Trudeau or his Liberal Party but at the federal government in general.

“He’s continuing the mission of his father. He has the exact same approach toward Quebec, and that’s fair to do,” St-Pierre Plamondon said. “If we live in a world where the past never happened, it’s difficult to have an appropriate reading of what’s actually happening right now if we have no notion of what happened before.”

He says his beliefs will not change no matter who is in power.

The next federal election is slated to take place on or before Oct. 20, 2025.

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Drinking water quality: Canada's plan for forever chemicals – CTV News

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As the United States sets its first national limits on toxic forever chemicals in drinking water, researchers say Canada is lagging when it comes to regulations.

Still, they acknowledged that Canada is making progress in trying to reduce and prevent the contamination of water in the country.

From carpeting to non-stick cookware, so-called forever chemicals, or perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), have been widely found in consumer products since the 1950s.

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These chemicals are designed to be so strong that they don’t break down fully in the environment. They’re used to make products non-stick, oil- and water-repellent and resistant to temperature change.

Growing evidence shows PFAS are in Canadian freshwater sources and drinking water, according to Health Canada. Studies have linked PFAS to serious health problems, such as cancer, low birth weight and liver disease.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) finalized its drinking water regulation for six PFAS last week. Under the new regulation, utilities are required to limit certain forever chemicals, including two common types —perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) — to four parts per trillion, or four nanograms per litre. As well, water providers must test for these PFAS and alert the public when levels are too high.

Similarly, Health Canada proposed new limits for PFAS in drinking water in February 2023. There are currently drinking water quality guidelines for PFOA and PFOS in Canada.

Under the current guidelines, the limit is 200 ng/L for PFOA, which is 50 times more than the U.S. limit of 4 ng/L. At 600 ng/L for PFOS, the maximum allowable amount in Canada for this type of forever chemical is 150 times more than the U.S limit.

In light of the changes south of the border, CTVNews.ca asked Health Canada whether there were any plans to change the limits, or to follow the American lead on the issue.

In a recent email to CTVNews.ca, Health Canada spokesperson Mark Johnson said the department has proposed a drinking water objective with a much lower limit of 30 ng/L for all PFAS detected in drinking water.

Canada’s strategy

Despite Canada’s proposed drinking water limit for PFAS being about eight times higher than the ones for the United States, many factors are probably at play, according to an expert.

Satinder Kaur Brar, a civil engineering professor and James and Joanne Love Chair in Environmental Engineering at York University in Toronto, has been doing work for the past few decades on various contaminants including PFAS in waters and wastewaters.

“Definitely U.S. EPA has taken a leap forward in this direction,” she said in a video interview with CTVNews.ca, noting no international standards exist. “So I would say that if we have set up higher limits here for the Canadian citizens, definitely we are exposing them more, or making them more vulnerable to these chemicals.”

Canada’s recently proposed limits only deal with drinking water, not other contaminated sources such as food, soils, sediments and air, Brar pointed out. She points to political leaders as being among those to blame for what some may perceive as holes in the proposed policy changes.

“I would say that the political will is also lacking because political will also plays an important role in bringing out these regulations,” she said. “We have left out many important environmental compartments, which are all interlinked and contributing to the overall … presence of PFAS in water.”

‘Stringent enough’?

And when it comes to laws and regulations, a senior environmental law researcher and paralegal says Canada has made strides in tackling the problem, but it’s lagging behind some countries such as the U.S.

“So while the U.S. EPA numbers are set much lower than Canada’s, what we see in Canada is at least a progression from the current guidelines, and that’s not a bad thing,” Fe de Leon, with the Canadian Environmental Law Association in Toronto, said in a video interview with CTVNews.ca.

“The question is whether it’s stringent enough to deal with the scope of impacts that these chemicals have on the environment and particularly human health.”

Health Canada’s Johnson said the final drinking water objective for PFAS will be published later this year, replacing current guidelines. Provinces and territories use these guidelines and objectives to create drinking water quality requirements for all Canadians, he said.

Provincial and territorial authorities have been monitoring treated drinking water in some regions, and the federal government has been monitoring PFAS in freshwater since 2013, Johnson added.

“Current data regarding PFAS in Canadian freshwater sources and drinking water suggest that PFAS are present at levels below the new proposed objective,” Johnson said in an emailed statement. “However, the concentrations of PFAS in freshwater and drinking water may be higher near facilities that use large amounts of these chemicals, locations where firefighting foams containing PFAS were used to put out a fire, and landfills and wastewater treatment plants.”

‘The biggest issue’

A major problem is a lack of information on the forever chemicals affecting Canadians, many of whom may be unaware of what these chemicals are, where they’re found and the impact they can have on our health and the world around us.

“The biggest issue right now is complete disclosure of how many of these chemicals are actually found in the Canadian market and are being released into the environment,” Brar said. “We don’t have a good handle on that.”

Over the last few years, she said, more sites across Canada have been “impacted substantially” by PFAS. “So this is absolutely necessary that the government moves ahead and takes action on these chemicals, and create their own strategy.”

A chemical engineering professor who leads a team that conducts research on the impacts of these chemicals says he believes that both Canada and the U.S. have made their boldest moves so far to address the problem.

“The net effect is that both the U.S. and Canada are trying to limit … these chemicals in drinking water to levels that are extremely low and barely measurable,” said Franco Berruti, director at the Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources at Western University in London, Ont., in a video interview with CTVNews.ca. “At the end of the day …they will have the similar effect.”

Barriers to a solution

Berruti said there isn’t a simple solution to the problem of controlling the impact of forever chemicals. One of the barriers to regulating them is the many unknowns about PFAS.

“It’s not just a question of two or three chemicals that are considered toxic that one would regulate. But we are talking about thousands and thousands of these chemicals. We don’t even know how to analyze these chemicals,” he said.

The technologies that exist to reduce or eliminate PFAS “are very limited,” Berruti added.

Scientists are still studying different aspects of the problem, including investigating which forever chemicals are more problematic and measurable.

Out of more than 12,000 types of PFAS, Berruti estimates that only 40 may be measurable.

“To set the limits without having the ways of measuring those … extremely low concentrations doesn’t mean anything until the methodologies are there to demonstrate that those limits are reached,” he said.

While Canada doesn’t produce PFAS, Berruti said, the country should closely monitor the imports of products that are contaminated with the chemicals.

Industry concerns

Health advocates praised the U.S. move to create its first drinking water limits on PFAS, but the news wasn’t universally celebrated.

Among the concerns raised were those from water utilities, which said customers will end up paying more for water since treatment systems are expensive to install.

Actions taken in Canada have also been met with challenges and criticism.

In May 2023, Health Canada issued a draft recommendation to label PFAS, an entire class of chemicals, as toxic under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act.

Cassie Barker, the toxics program manager at Environmental Defence, said in March that it was important to label the entire class, not only each individual substance, as toxic, The Canadian Press reported. When Canada designated and banned some types of PFAS in 2012, Barker said, it became a “whack-a-mole” situation, because other products used to replace them also posed health risks.

In response to the proposed PFAS toxic designation, the Chemistry Industry Association of Canada wrote to Environment and Climate Change Canada in June 2023 asking that PFAS not be labelled toxic as an entire class of substances, and instead be designated on a case-by-case basis, based on proven risk.

PFAS currently used by Canadian industry “have not been shown to be of high risk” and sweeping prohibitions could cause economic hardship to the industry, it wrote in its letter.

In the States, growing awareness has led to lawsuits against manufacturers.

For example, 3M settled a series of lawsuits last June that could exceed US$12.5 billion, involving more than 300 U.S. municipalities where the chemicals were found in drinking water. The company said it plans to stop making PFAS by 2025.

In the same month, DuPont de Nemours Inc. and spinoffs Chemours Co. and Corteva Inc. reached a US$1.18-billion deal over similar complaints by about 300 drinking water providers.

And legal action has occurred in Canada as well.

According to the business law firm Osler, a class action was certified in 2021 against the National Research Council of Canada over PFAS in the surface water and groundwater at the NRC’s facility in Mississippi Mills, Ont.

With files from The Associated Press and The Canadian Press

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